Table 1.
Volatile compounds in five kinds of GB by GC-MS.
| Compounds | RI (1) | Contents (μg Pentadecane Equivalents/100 g) | I.D. (3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UGB (2) | AGB | FGB | SGB | DFGB | |||
| Aldehydes | |||||||
| Butanal | <800 | ND (4) | ND | ND | 0.46 ± 0.65 | ND | MS |
| 3-Methylbutanal | <800 | ND | ND | 0.00 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | MS |
| 2-Methyl butanal | <800 | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.02 | ND | MS |
| Pentanal | <800 | ND | ND | ND | 0.02 ± 0.03 | ND | MS |
| Hexanal | 820 | ND | 5.15 ± 4.25 | 14.48 ± 4.15 | ND | 1.31 ± 0.04 | MS |
| 2-Heptenal | 974 | ND | ND | 0.16 ± 0.23 | ND | ND | MS |
| Benzaldehyde | 978 | 43.05 ± 60.89 | 0.82 ± 0.69 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | ND | 0.81 ± 0.07 | MS/RI |
| Nonanal | 1118 | 11.27 ± 15.94 | ND | 0.22 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.10 | 1.33 ± 0.02 | MS/RI |
| Ethyl-benzaldehyde | 1193 | 2.03 ± 2.87 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Decanal | 1218 | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.43 ± 0.61 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | MS |
| 2-Butyloct-2-enal | 1386 | ND | ND | 0.09 ± 0.13 | ND | ND | MS |
| Alcohols | |||||||
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 993 | ND | ND | 1.25 ± 0.72 | ND | ND | MS/RI |
| 2-Butyloctanol | 1035 | ND | ND | ND | 0.08 ± 0.11 | ND | MS |
| 3,5-Octadien-2-ol | 1060 | 0.09 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.85 | 0.13 ± 0.18 | ND | ND | MS |
| Benzeneethanol | 1129 | 8.26 ± 11.67 | 0.81 ± 1.15 | 13.55 ± 7.72 | 5.95 ± 0.76 | 0.57 ± 0.47 | MS |
| 2-Hexyldecanol | 1141 | ND | 1.36 ± 1.05 | ND | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | MS |
| 2-Octyldecan-1-ol | 1178 | ND | 0.05 ± 0.07 | ND | ND | 0.25 ± 0.03 | MS |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 1243 | ND | 0.22 ± 0.31 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-hexanol | 1318 | ND | 0.19 ± 0.27 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Levomenthol | 1188 | 6.42 ± 9.07 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Ketones | |||||||
| 2,3-Octanedione | 998 | ND | ND | 0.46 ± 0.18 | 0.59 ± 0.83 | ND | MS |
| 3,6-Dimethyl-4-octanone | 988 | ND | ND | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.53 | ND | MS |
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 1001 | 1.91 ± 2.70 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 1-Fluoro-2-indanone | 1017 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.29 ± 0.07 | MS |
| 3-Octen-2-one | 1023 | ND | ND | 0.13 ± 0.19 | ND | ND | MS |
| 3-Octen-2-one | 1055 | ND | 2.93 ± 1.88 | ND | 2.23 ± 0.13 | 1.61 ± 0.38 | MS |
| Acetophenone | 1082 | 6.67 ± 9.02 | 1.39 ± 1.97 | 0.09 ± 0.13 | ND | ND | MS |
| 2-Undecanone | 1304 | 0.09 ± 0.12 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Terpenes and terpenoids | |||||||
| α-Pinene | 952 | 4.81 ± 6.81 | 0.18 ± 0.26 | ND | 12.38 ± 1.18 | 0.09 ± 0.13 | MS/RI |
| Camphene | 966 | ND | 0.30 ± 0.43 | ND | 21.50 ± 2.70 | 0.15 ± 0.21 | MS/RI |
| Sabinene | 989 | ND | ND | ND | 0.59 ± 0.83 | ND | MS/RI |
| 2-β-Pinene | 989 | ND | ND | ND | 2.26 ± 2.05 | ND | MS |
| β-Myrcene | 1005 | 0.30 ± 0.43 | ND | ND | 13.91 ± 1.13 | ND | MS |
| α-Thujene | 1020 | 0.12 ± 0.17 | ND | ND | 6.44 ± 0.91 | 0.72 ± 0.06 | MS |
| γ-Terpinene | 1023 | ND | ND | ND | 0.87 ± 0.11 | ND | MS/RI |
| 3-Carene | 1027 | ND | ND | ND | 0.48 ± 0.68 | ND | MS/RI |
| α-Terpinene | 1033 | ND | ND | ND | 0.99 ± 0.27 | ND | MS/RI |
| β-Terpinene | 1039 | 1.43 ± 2.02 | 3.34 ± 4.67 | ND | 1.24 ± 0.11 | 6.80 ± 0.21 | MS |
| p-Cymene | 1042 | ND | ND | ND | 1.48 ± 0.30 | ND | MS/RI |
| β-Phellandrene | 1046 | 0.76 ± 1.08 | 1.80 ± 2.55 | 2.03 ± 0.42 | 79.04 ± 5.13 | ND | MS/RI |
| Phytane | 1051 | 78.16 ± 110.40 | 7.79 ± 8.40 | 0.10 ± 0.15 | ND | 2.96 ± 0.71 | MS |
| Squalane | 1078 | 4.12 ± 5.83 | ND | 0.12 ± 0.11 | ND | 0.54 ± 0.01 | MS |
| α-Terpinolene | 1102 | 0.14 ± 0.20 | ND | ND | 1.73 ± 0.11 | 1.43 ± 0.02 | MS |
| α-Cubebene | 1393 | 10.33 ± 14.62 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Caryophyllene | 1440 | 4.99 ± 7.05 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| β-copaene | 1448 | 2.71 ± 3.84 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| α-Calacorene | 1560 | 6.72 ± 9.51 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Hydrocarbon | |||||||
| Hexane | <800 | ND | 0.16 ± 0.23 | 0.32 ± 0.46 | ND | 450.84 ± 139.35 | MS |
| 2,4-Hexadiyne | <800 | 0.42 ± 0.60 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Heptane | <800 | ND | ND | 0.06 ± 0.09 | ND | ND | MS/RI |
| Octane | 821 | 1.16 ± 1.64 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Nonane | 916 | ND | ND | ND | 0.27 ± 0.39 | ND | MS |
| 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene | 918 | 0.72 ± 1.02 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 2-Methyl-3-ethylheptane | 958 | ND | ND | ND | 0.32 ± 0.45 | ND | MS |
| 3-Methylnonane | 986 | ND | ND | ND | 0.81 ± 0.07 | ND | MS |
| 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane | 1025 | ND | 0.05 ± 0.07 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 2,2,3-Trimethyldecane | 1026 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02 ± 1.08 | MS |
| 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane | 1026 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 2,2,9-Trimethyldecane | 1039 | ND | 0.50 ± 0.71 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | ND | 0.77 ± 1.08 | MS |
| 2,6,8-Trimethyl-decane | 1055 | ND | ND | 1.76 ± 2.50 | ND | ND | MS |
| 2,6-Dimethyloctane | 1069 | 11.91 ± 16.85 | ND | ND | ND | 2.70 ± 0.09 | MS |
| 4,6-Dimethylundecane | 1071 | ND | 0.82 ± 1.15 | 0.42 ± 0.59 | ND | 0.63 ± 0.02 | MS |
| 2-Methyl-decane | 1073 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.20 | 0.13 ± 0.18 | ND | 0.59 ± 0.02 | MS |
| 3,7-Dimethylnonane | 1084 | ND | ND | ND | 0.79 ± 0.06 | ND | MS |
| 3-Ethyl-3-methylheptadecane | 1087 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.19 ± 0.00 | MS |
| 5-Methyl-octadecane | 1087 | ND | 0.54 ± 0.59 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 2,8-Dimethylundecane | 1090 | 8.29 ± 11.72 | 6.76 ± 7.50 | 0.16 ± 0.22 | ND | 2.88 ± 0.16 | MS |
| 3-Ethyl-3-methylheptane | 1097 | ND | 1.10 ± 1.27 | ND | ND | 0.33 ± 0.00 | MS |
| 4-Methylundecane | 1107 | ND | 0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | ND | 0.55 ± 0.02 | MS |
| 1-Phenyl-1-butene | 1109 | 8.95 ± 12.49 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Undecane | 1112 | 10.41 ± 14.72 | 2.78 ± 3.93 | ND | 1.42 ± 0.06 | 1.42 ± 0.05 | MS |
| 2,8-Dimethylundecane | 1147 | ND | 0.37 ± 0.53 | ND | 0.06 ± 0.09 | ND | MS |
| 2-Methyl-1-tetradecene | 1180 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.09 ± 0.01 | MS |
| 2-Ethyl-decane | 1182 | ND | ND | ND | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | MS |
| 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene | 1196 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.14 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Cyclododecane | 1202 | 6.15 ± 8.69 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Trans-2-nonadecene | 1208 | 0.13 ± 0.19 | ND | ND | ND | 0.06 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Dodecane | 1211 | 10.78 ± 15.24 | 0.78 ± 1.10 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.37 | 0.29 ± 0.10 | MS |
| 5-Dodecene | 1255 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.11 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Tridecane | 1310 | 6.82 ± 8.99 | 0.25 ± 0.35 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.13 | MS |
| 11-Decyltetracosane | 1317 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.07 ± 0.10 | MS |
| 3-Tetradecene | 1356 | 1.85 ± 2.62 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Tetradecane | 1408 | 8.44 ± 11.89 | ND | 0.42 ± 0.29 | ND | 0.08 ± 0.11 | MS |
| 3-Eicosene | 1453 | 3.11 ± 4.39 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| trans-7-pentadecene | 1491 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 3-Ethyl-tetracosane | 1504 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Hexadecane | 1605 | 8.50 ± 12.02 | ND | 0.28 ± 0.38 | ND | ND | MS |
| Heptadecane | >1700 | 14.80 ± 20.93 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Octadecane | >1700 | 9.97 ± 14.10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Nonadecane | >1700 | 12.88 ± 18.22 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Nitrogen-containing compounds | |||||||
| Trimethylamine | <800 | ND | ND | ND | 0.05 ± 0.07 | ND | MS |
| 2-Butanone oxime | 809 | ND | 0.17 ± 0.24 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Ethyl methyl ketone oxime | 813 | ND | ND | ND | 2.15 ± 1.05 | ND | MS/RI |
| Penicillamine | 836 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.17 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Methoxy-phenyl-oxime | 921 | 0.40 ± 0.56 | 1.12 ± 1.59 | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 0.57 ± 0.80 | ND | MS |
| 1,2-Benzenediamine | 933 | ND | ND | ND | 0.04 ± 0.05 | ND | MS |
| Subtotal content | 0.4 | 1.29 | 0.34 | 2.81 | 0.17 | ||
| Acids | |||||||
| Pentanoic acid | 867 | ND | 0.15 ± 0.21 | ND | ND | ND | MS/RI |
| 2-Methylbutanoic acid | 875 | ND | 0.58 ± 0.83 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Sobutylacetic acid | 967 | ND | 0.14 ± 0.20 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Nonahexacontanoic acid | >1700 | 4.87 ± 6.89 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Docosanoic acid | >1700 | 14.89 ± 21.06 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Esters | |||||||
| Oxalic acid, isobutyl nonyl ester | 1134 | ND | 0.96 ± 1.36 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Caprylyl acetate | 1165 | 2.72 ± 3.85 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Acetic acid, phenethyl ester | 1271 | ND | ND | 0.06 ± 0.09 | ND | ND | MS |
| Ethyl salicylate | 1285 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Pentafluoropropionic acid, tetradecyl ester | 1293 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.08 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Diisopropyl adipate | 1465 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | ND | 0.10 ± 0.14 | ND | ND | MS |
| Triacontyl trifluoroacetate | >1700 | 11.17 ± 15.79 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Heterocyclic or aromatic compounds | |||||||
| Benzene | <800 | 1.24 ± 1.76 | ND | ND | ND | 3.09 ± 0.34 | MS |
| 2-Methylpiperazine | <800 | ND | ND | 0.06 ± 0.04 | ND | ND | MS |
| Toluene | <800 | 324.77 ± 422.17 | 20.12 ± 7.67 | 7.44 ± 0.44 | 7.59 ± 0.03 | 1.25 ± 0.07 | MS |
| 5-Methyl-2-phenylindole | 839 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.42 ± 0.59 | MS |
| Ethylbenzene | 881 | 97.55 ± 134.67 | 3.30 ± 0.98 | 2.30 ± 0.62 | 11.80 ± 3.55 | 2.13 ± 0.03 | MS |
| p-Xylene | 888 | 5.85 ± 6.79 | 2.84 ± 1.75 | 1.73 ± 0.15 | 0.41 ± 0.57 | 9.66 ± 1.44 | MS |
| m-Xylol | 889 | 0.55 ± 0.78 | 1.13 ± 1.60 | 0.66 ± 0.31 | 3.22 ± 4.55 | ND | MS |
| Ethenylbenzene | 909 | 117.76 ± 151.04 | 8.48 ± 3.71 | 6.31 ± 2.52 | 10.48 ± 3.46 | 11.85 ± 0.70 | MS |
| 1,3-Dimethylbezene | 983 | ND | ND | ND | 0.14 ± 0.20 | ND | MS |
| Phenol | 996 | 12.81 ± 18.11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Benzenol | 997 | 0.08 ± 0.12 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 1029 | 1.15 ± 1.62 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Naphthalene | 1198 | 11.96 ± 16.79 | ND | ND | ND | 0.36 ± 0.04 | MS |
| 7-Butyldocosane | 1258 | ND | ND | ND | 0.07 ± 0.01 | ND | MS |
| o-Methylbiphenyl-diphenylmethane | 1415 | 9.51 ± 13.44 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Butylated Hydroxytoluene | 1527 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.03 ± 0.05 | MS |
| Furans | |||||||
| 2-Pentyl furan | 1005 | ND | ND | 1.35 ± 0.79 | ND | ND | MS |
| Pyrazines | |||||||
| 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine | 930 | ND | ND | ND | 1.12 ± 0.33 | ND | MS |
| 2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine | 1093 | ND | ND | ND | 0.88 ± 0.12 | ND | MS |
| Tetramethylpyrazine | 1098 | ND | 1.24 ± 1.76 | ND | 1.07 ± 0.09 | ND | MS |
| Sulfur-containing compounds | |||||||
| Methylthiomethane | <800 | ND | ND | 3.90 ± 5.52 | ND | ND | MS |
| Dimethyl sulfide | <800 | ND | ND | 2.30 ± 0.18 | ND | ND | MS |
| Methyl sulfone | 941 | ND | 0.43 ± 0.27 | ND | ND | 6.19 ± 8.73 | MS/RI |
| 1-Octadecanesulphonyl chloride | 1467 | 4.89 ± 6.91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Lactones | |||||||
| Butyrolactone | 940 | 7.67 ± 10.84 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Ethers | |||||||
| Diisodecyl ether | 1067 | ND | ND | ND | 0.19 ± 0.07 | ND | MS |
| n-Octyl ether | 1069 | ND | ND | ND | 0.07 ± 0.10 | ND | MS |
| Etc. | |||||||
| 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane | <800 | ND | 7.86 ± 11.11 | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| 1,1-Difluorodecane | 820 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Tetrachloroethylene | 837 | 1.26 ± 1.79 | ND | ND | ND | ND | MS |
| Pentalin | 991 | 8.49 ± 12.01 | ND | 1.25 ± 0.72 | ND | ND | MS |
| 1-Bromopentadecane | 1121 | ND | ND | 0.11 ± 0.15 | ND | ND | MS |
| 3-Heptafluorobutyroxytridecane | 1299 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.03 ± 0.01 | MS |
| 1,22-Dibromodocosane | 1380 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.05 ± 0.01 | MS |
| Total content | 960.28 | 90.29 | 64.58 | 197.97 | 517.96 | ||
(1) RI: retention index. (2) UGB: untreated GB, AGB: air-dried GB, FGB: freeze-dried GB, SGB: steam-heated GB, DFGB: defatted GB. (3) I.D: identification; MS: compound identified by comparison with the NIST12 mass spectral database; RI: compound confirmed by retention index. (4) ND: not detected.