| TWSE | Taiwan Stock Exchange |
| SGX | Singapore Stock Exchange |
| TDA | topological data analysis |
| RCA | Ricci curvature analysis |
| MST | minimal spanning tree |
| PMFG | planar maximally filtered graph |
| CM | center of mass |
| STI | Straits Times Index |
| TAIEX | Taiwan Capitalization Weighted Stock Index |
| S&P 500 | Standard & Poor’s 500 |
| NYSE | New York Stock Exchange |
| NASDAQ | National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations |
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