Table 4.

Summary of studies that reported population-level costs for LBP.

References	Number, age	Total annual population cost	Inflated 2022 $US
Alonso-García and Sarría-Santamera (24)	8.16 million, >4 years	DC = 2.3 billion euros IC = 6.7 billion euro TC = 8.9 billion euro	DC = 3.4 billion IC = 9.9 billion TC = 13.4 billion million
Wieser et al. (25)	2,507, >18 years	DC = € 2.6 billion IC = € 4.1 billion	DC = 3.6 billion IC = 4.9 billion
Itz et al. (30)	80,652 (56%female), >50 years (61%)	TC = € 194 million Costs per patient = € 2410	TC = 249,531,488.9
Itoh et al. (29)	9,789, 20–64 years	Medical cost = 82.14 billion yen	Medical cost = 1 billion
Olafsson et al. (11)	129,97, 52.6 years	TC = € 740 million	TC = USD967.3 million
Walker et al. (36)	13.5 million adult (>18 years).	TC; AU$ 8.9 billion (public hospital); AU$ 7.5 billion (private hospital) DC = AU$ 1.02 billion IC = AU$ 8.15 billion	TC = 14.45 billion (public hospital) and 12.2 billion (private hospital) DC = 1.65 billion IC = 13.2 billion
van der Wurf et al. (37)	7,901	Total extrapolated sick leave costs € 244.7 million	Total extrapolated sick leave costs 3.2 million

TC, total costs; DC, direct costs; IC = indirect costs.