Table 3.

Observations on interventions for increasing COVID-19 vaccination.

Intervention	Observation and Rationale
Text-based reminders and outreach	Basic reminders and outreach delivered by SMS text messages, letters, or secure electronic messaging may be effective at increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake [37,38]. Text message reminders have similarly been shown to increase influenza vaccination rates [57]. However, this type of outreach may not always be effective, particularly if individuals have already received previous reminders [39].
Videos	Authors of 1 high-quality RCT did not observe higher vaccine uptake among participants who received an informational video compared to participants who only received a text reminder [37]. However, a study by Khatri et al. (2022) reported that an educational video on COVID-19 vaccines was associated with increased COVID-19 vaccine intentions [58].
Infographics	Further research is needed to determine whether educational infographics are an effective intervention for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. However, results from a moderate-quality non-randomized study suggest that infographics may encourage first vaccine dose recipients to return for their second dose [35].
Opt-out vaccine appointment scheduling	Preliminary evidence suggests that opt-out vaccine appointment scheduling systems may be effective at increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake [40] and intentions [42].
Multi-modal interventions	Results from a moderate-quality non-randomized study suggest that a multi-modal intervention approach (with elements such as town halls, staff meetings, and vaccine safety education and counselling) may be effective at increasing vaccine uptake, specifically among healthcare workers [36]. Further research is needed to determine whether certain components of the multiple intervention approach described by Chan et al. (2022) are more effective than others [36], and whether this approach could be feasibly generalized to a broader population.