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. 2023 Jun 13;11(12):1732. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11121732

Table 2.

Associations of neighborhood characteristics with high-risk opioid dispensing outcomes.

Variable Multiple Provider Episodes
(95% CI)
Overlapping Opioid Prescription for ≥7 Days
(95% CI)
Overlapping Opioid and Benzodiazepine for ≥7 Days
(95% CI)
High Standardized Dosage of Opioid Prescriptions
(95% CI)
Median Age −5.5622
(−8.544, −2.5803)
−6.72
(−8.7449, −4.6951)
−7.7471
(−10.8811, −4.613)
−1.7757
(−2.6644, −0.887)
% Charitable Givers 3.0683
(0.6167, 5.5200)
4.0389
(2.3577, 5.72)
10.7542
(8.3241, 13.1843)
Not Significant
Median Commute Time Not Significant Not Significant −2.229
(−4.2921, −0.1659)
−0.422
(−0.9977, 0.1536)
Density −0.0273
(−0.0348, −0.0198)
−0.0132
(−0.0182, −0.0082)
−0.0191
(−0.0267, −0.0115)
Not Significant
% Disabled Not Significant 2.0875
(−0.7391, 4.914)
5.2299
(0.7059, 9.7539)
1.2025
(−0.0422, 2.4472)
% Divorced Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Education Bachelors Not Significant −6.076
(−7.9764, −4.1755)
−9.884
(−12.8724, −6.8957)
−2.682
(−3.5967, −1.7672)
% Education College or Above Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Education Graduate 3.2643
(−0.3551, 6.8837)
−4.2127
(−5.9054, −2.52)
−8.2961
(−10.864, −5.7282)
−1.9957
(−2.813, −1.1785)
% Education Highschool 10.713
(7.6595, 13.7665)
Not Significant Not Significant −0.9965
(−1.8982, −0.0947)
% Education Less Highschool 12.0349
(8.8476, 15.2221)
−1.4927
(−3.1816, 0.1962)
−3.906
(−6.3666, −1.4454)
Not Significant
% Education Some College 10.7529
(7.5149, 13.9909)
Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Family Dual Income Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
Average Family Size Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Farmer −11.2116
(−18.1447, −4.2785)
−8.2954
(−12.9195, −3.6713)
−12.6309
(−19.9376, −5.3241)
−2.73
(−4.8246, −0.6355)
% Health Uninsured −9.3876
(−13.6014, −5.1737)
−4.3291
(−7.1293, −1.5289)
−5.7225
(−10.238, −1.2069)
−2.3292
(−3.6186, −1.0398)
% Hispanic −2.8474
(−4.1803, −1.5144)
−0.8857
(−1.7411, −0.0304)
Not Significant −0.6315
(−0.974, −0.289)
% Home Ownership 1.3882
(−0.054, 2.8304)
0.6639
(−0.2548, 1.5827)
Not Significant 0.468
(0.0996, 0.8364)
Median Home Value −0.0001
(−0.0001, 0.0000)
0.0000
(−0.0001, 0.0000)
Not Significant Not Significant
Housing Units 0.0574
(0.0553, 0.0594)
0.0356
(0.0305, 0.0407)
0.0647
(0.057, 0.0723)
0.0145
(0.0121, 0.0168)
% Income Household $150 K Over 3.7928
(0.4511, 7.1344)
2.0254
(0.2468, 3.804)
Not Significant 1.7441
(1.0319, 2.4563)
Median Household Income 0.0016
(0.0001, 0.0031)
Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Household Income Under $5 K Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
Median Individual Income −0.0018
(−0.0039, 0.0003)
−0.0011
(−0.0024, 0.0001)
−0.0029
(−0.0047, −0.0011)
−0.0004
(−0.001, 0.0001)
% Labor Force Participation Not Significant −1.2225
(−2.7464, 0.3013)
−2.6415
(−5.0544, −0.2287)
Not Significant
% Limited English Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant −0.592
(−1.2068, 0.0228)
% Male −7.593
(−11.4132, −3.7728)
Not Significant −3.1298
(−7.2258, 0.9661)
Not Significant
% Married −8.7214
(−12.2559, −5.187)
−4.7524
(−7.1951, −2.3097)
−5.3964
(−9.2797, −1.5131)
−1.3759
(−2.4982, −0.2535)
% Never Married −8.1634
(−12.1485, −4.1783)
−5.7531
(−8.3803, −3.1259)
−6.6714
(−11.0447, −2.298)
−1.6997
(−2.8934, −0.5059)
Population Not Significant −0.0015
(−0.0031, 0.0002)
−0.0061
(−0.0085, −0.0037)
−0.0015
(−0.0022, −0.0007)
% Race Asian −5.5453
(−6.6683, −4.4223)
−1.8246
(−2.9029, −0.7463)
−4.3852
(−5.5416, −3.2288)
−1.2717
(−1.6369, −0.9066)
% Race Black Not Significant Not Significant −5.3587
(−7.3606, −3.3569)
Not Significant
% Race Native −4.2608
(−8.084, −0.4376)
Not Significant −4.8884
(−8.8992, −0.8776)
−0.994
(−2.1427, 0.1546)
% Race Other −1.5957
(−3.2122, 0.0209)
Not Significant −2.9232
(−4.4787, −1.3676)
Not Significant
% Race Pacific 54.9469
(31.8808, 78.013)
15.6273
(0.086, 31.1686)
Not Significant 7.1838
(0.1787, 14.1889)
% Race White Not Significant 1.4252
(0.6343, 2.2162)
Not Significant Not Significant
Median Rent Burden Not Significant −0.8263
(−1.8684, 0.2158)
−2.4403
(−4.1252, −0.7553)
Not Significant
Median Rent Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Self Employed Not Significant Not Significant 4.5369
(1.1474, 7.9264)
0.8391
(−0.1078, 1.786)
Unemployment Rate −3.8167
(−7.5801, −0.0533)
Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant
% Veteran Not Significant Not Significant −11.4975
(−17.6392, −5.3558)
Not Significant

Note: A positive coefficient implies a positive association, while a negative coefficient indicates negative association.