ABCs	age-associated B cells
acetyl-CoA	acetyl coenzyme A
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AF-1	activation function 1
AKT	protein kinase B
Ang II	angiotensin II
AP-1	activator protein 1
APCs	antigen-presenting cells
ASC	apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (also PYCARD—PYD and CARD domain)
AT	adipose tissue
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BCL-6	corepressor B-cell lymphoma 6
BMI	body mass index
Breg	regulatory B cell
CLRs	C-type lecithin receptors
Crk	adapter protein (also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk)
CXCR3	chemokine receptor CXCR3
CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL12	chemokines: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10, 11, and 12, respectively
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
DCs	dendritic cells
DIO mice	diet-induced obese mice
DOK4, DOK5	docking proteins 4 and 5 (also known as IRS-5, IRS-6—insulin receptor substrates 5 and 6, respectively)
DUBs	deubiquitinating enzymes (also known as deubiquitinating peptidases)
ECM	extracellular matrix
EDCs	endocrine disrupting compounds
EPIL	early placenta insulin-like peptide (also known as INSL4—insulin-like growth factor 4)
ERα, ERβ	estrogen receptor alpha, beta, respectively
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FFAs	free fatty acids
G-6-P	glucose-6-phosphate
Gab	Grb2-associated binder family proteins
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
GRB2	growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
HIF-1	hypoxia-induced factor 1
HOMA-IR	homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance (IR)
IFN-γ	interferon gamma
IGF-1, IGF-2	insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2, respectively
IGFR1	insulin-like growth factor receptor 1
IκB	inhibitor of NF-κB
IKKs	inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinases
IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E(IL-25), IL-18	interleukins
INSL3	mammalian Leydig cell-specific insulin-like peptide
INSL4	insulin-like peptide 4 (also known as EPIL—early placenta insulin-like peptide)
INSL5, INSL6	insulin-like peptides 5 and 6
INSR	insulin receptor
IR	insulin resistance
IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK4	IL-1 receptor-associated kinases 1, 2, and 4, respectively
IRS-5, IRS-6	insulin receptor substrates 5 and 6, respectively (also known as DOK4, DOK5—docking proteins 4 and 5, respectively)
IRSs	insulin receptor substrates
ISIOGTT	insulin sensitivity index (ISI) obtained from oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
JAK2	Janus kinase 2
JNKs	c-Jun-N-terminal kinases
LAT	linker for the activation of T cell
LIRP	locust insulin-related peptide
lncRNAs	long non-coding RNAs
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LRR	leucine-rich-repeat motifs
LTB4	chemokine leukotriene B4
LTB4R1	leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (also known as BLT1)
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCs	mast cells
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MHO	metabolically healthy obesity
MIG	monokine induced by IFN-γ or chemokine CXCL9
MIP	molluscan insulin-related peptides
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MW	molecular weight
ncRNAs	non-coding RNAs
NEK7	serine-threonine kinase NEK7 (NIMA “never in mitosis gene a”-related kinase 7)
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NK cells	natural killer cells
NLRP3 inflammasome	leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (NLR) family member 3 inflammasome
NLRs	nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors
NLSs	nuclear localization signals
NOD	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
NPXY (Asn-Pro-x-Tyr) motif (also known as the juxtamembrane Tyr960)	a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation motif in the activated insulin receptor (INSR)
OcaB	Oct coactivator B
OXPHOS	oxidative phosphorylation
PCOS	polycystic ovary syndrome
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDK	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
PH	pleckstrin homology (also known as IH1) domain of the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PKC	protein kinase C
PLCγ1	phospholipase-C-γ1
PPARs	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
pMHC-I	immunogenic peptide—MHC class I
PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, beta, and gamma, respectively
PRRs	pattern recognition receptors
PTB	phosphotyrosine binding (also known as IH2) domain of the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)
RACK1	receptor for activated C kinase 1
RLRs	retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors
RORγt	retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (also known as RORγ2)
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SAT	subcutaneous adipose tissue
SFAs	saturated fatty acids
SH2B	adapter protein containing SH2 (Src homology 2) and PH (pleckstrin homology) domains
SHP2	protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 of the Src homology region 2 (SH2)
siRNAs	small interfering RNAs (also known as silencing RNAs)
SOCS-3	suppressor of cytokine signaling protein 3
SREBP-1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (also known as SREBF1—sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1)
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
STKs	serine/threonine protein kinases
T1D, T2D	type 1, type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively
TAK1	transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-activated kinase 1
T-bet	transcription factor T-bet (also known as Tbx21)
TCR	T cell receptor
Th1, Th2 cells	T helper 1, T helper 2 lymphocytes, respectively
TIR	toll/interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor homology domain
TLRs, TLR1-10	toll-like receptors
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR1	tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) receptor 1
TRAF6	tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 6
TRAPα, TRAPβ, TRAPγ, TRAPδ	translocation-associated protein complexes α, β, γ, and δ (also known as SSR1, SSR2, SSR3, and SSR3—signal sequence receptors, respectively)
Treg	regulatory T cell
TRIF	toll/interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon beta (IFN-β)
TZDs	thiazolidinediones
ZAP-70	zeta-associated protein of 70,000 molecular weight