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. 2023 Jun 13;24(12):10096. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210096

Table 2.

Endophytes producing host-specific bioactive compounds of medicinal use ex planta.

Compound Properties Endophyte Plant Host Amount Produced by
Endophyte Ex Planta		 Reference
Fungi
Aconitine Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor Cladosporium cladosporioides XJ-A C03 Aconitum leucostomum 236.4 µg/g 1 [108]
Alternariol Cytotoxic Alternaria sp. Polygonum senegalense ND [109]
Andrographolide Anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, anti-platelet aggregation Colletotrichum sp.
(AP-4, AP-12)		 Andrographis paniculata 30.089 ± 0.992 mg/g 1 (AP-4), 28.617 ± 0.641 mg/g 1 (AP-12) [110]
Asarone Anticonvulsant, GABA modulator Penicillium pinophilum Alloteropsis cimicina ND [111]
Asiaticoside Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Centella asiactica 62.29 ± 3.36 µg/100 mL 2 [112]
Azadirachtin Hepatoprotective, insecticide Eupenicillium parvum Azadirachta indica 0.4 µg/100 g 1; 43 µg/L 2 [113]
Cajaninstilbene acid Analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective Fusarium proliferatum Cajanus cajan 100.5 ± 9.4 µg/g 1;
504.8 ± 20.1 µg/mL 2 		[114]
Camptothecin Anticancer (inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I), potential antineoplastic agent Fusarium solani
(MTCC 9667, 9668)		 Apodytes dimidiata 37 µg/100 g 1; 53 µg/100 g 1 [86]
Fusarium solani Camptotheca acuminata 150 ± 20 µg/L 2 [88]
Alternaria alstroemeriae (NCIM1408) Nothapodytes nimmoniana 426.7 ± 33.6 µg/g 1 [115]
Alternaria burnsii (NCIM1409) 403.3 ± 41.6 µg/g 1
Fusarium sp. 2.17 µg/100 mg 1 [89]
Capsaicin Analgesic Alternaria alternata Capsicum annuum 8.30 µg/L 2 [116]
Colchicine Anti-gout, anti-inflammatory Diaporthe perseae Glorosa superba 55.25 uµg/g 1 [117]
Deoxypodophyllotoxin Precursor for podophyllotoxin, anticancer Aspergillus fumigatus Juniperus communis 4 ± 2 µg/100 g 1; 3 ± 2 µg/L 2 [118]
Dendrobine Anti-cataract, anti-influenza A virus, and anti-tumor, promising therapeutical effects on Alzheimer’s disease Trichoderma longibrachiatum MD33 Dendrobium nobile ND [119]
Digoxin Anti-arrhythmia drug, cardiotonic drug Unidentified Digitalis lanata ND [120]
Diosgenin Anticancer, antiatherogenic, antineoplastic, and antiviral agent Aspergillus flavus Dioscorea zingiberensis ND [121]
Curvularia lunata
Fusarium sp.
Paecilomyces sp. Paris podophylla ND [122]
Emodin Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, precursor to hypericin Epicoccum nigrum Hypericum perforatum 87.7 µg/mL 3 [123]
Thielavia subthermophilia 113 ± 1 µg/100 g 1 [124]
Forskolin Antihypertensive, anti-HIV, platelet aggregation inhibitor Rhizactonia bataticola Coleus forskoholii 0.5 mg 2 [125]
Gentiopicrin Antifungal, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory Unidentified (QJ18) Gentiana macrophylla ND [126]
Ginsenoside Rg3 Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antineoplastic agent, apoptosis inducer Chaetomium sp. Panax ginseng 5.60 ± 1.17 mg/g 1 [92]
Gymnemagenin Antidiabetic, antiviral Penicillium oxalicum Gymnema sylvestre ND [127]
Huperzine A Neuroprotective, treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Acremonium sp. Huperzia serrata 8.32 µg/L 2 [128]
Shiraia sp. Slf14 327.8 µg/L 2 [129]
Hypericin Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, immunostimulating Epicoccum nigrum Hypericum perforatum 117.1 µg/mL 3 [123]
Thielavia subthermophilia 35 ± 2 µg/100 g 1 [124,130]
Imperialine-3β-D-glucoside Anti-tumor Fusarium redolens 6WBY3 Fritillaria unibracteata 18.8 µg/L 2 [131]
Loline alkaloids Insecticidal Neotyphodium uncinatum Lolium pratense 700 mg/L 2 [132]
Kaempferol Antioxidant, antibacterial Mucor fragilis Sinopodophyllum hexandrum ND [96]
Myrtucommulones Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor Neofusicoccum australe Myrtus communis 0.2 mg/L 2 [133]
Nigranoic acid Anti-neoplastic agent, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor Umbelopsis dimorphia Kadsura angustifolia ND [134]
Peiminine Anticancer, anti-inflammatory Fusarium sp. Fritillaria unibracteata 0.021 mg/L 2; 0.0054 mg/g 1 [135]
Peimisine Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Fusarium sp. Fritillaria unibracteata 0.09 mg/L2; 0.0023 mg/g 1 [135]
Fusarium redolens 6WBY3 16.0 µg/L 2 [131]
Piperine Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, insecticidial, increasing bioavailability of drugs Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Piper nigrum ND [136]
Periconia sp. Piper longum 750 mg 3 [137]
Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) Antimitotic, anti-tumor, precursor for anticancer drugs, e.g., etoposide and teniposide Fusarium sp. (WB5121) Dysosma versipellis 277 µg/g 1 [97]
Fusarium oxysporum Juniper recurva 28 µg/g 1 [98]
Fusarium solani Podophyllum hexandrum 29.16 ± 0.57 µg/g 1 [95]
Phialocephaa fortinii Podophyllum peltatum 189 µg/L 2 [99]
Trametes hirsuta Podophyllum hexandrum 31 µg/g 1 [91]
Mucor fragilis Sinopodophyllum hexandrum 49.3 µg/g 1 [96]
Quercetin monoglycosides Antioxidant, stimulating bacterial enzymatic activity Nigrospora oryzae Loranthus micranthus ND [138]
Quinidine Antiarrhythmic, antimalarial Diaporthe spp. (CLS-3) Cinchona ledgeriana 82.5 µg/L 2 [139]
Resveratrol Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagen, antiviral, phytoestrogenic Alternaria sp. MG1 Vitis vinifera 353 µg/L 2 [103]
Arcopilus aureus 89.1 µg/mL 2 [101]
Botryosphaeria sp. 37.3 µg/mL 2
Nigrospora sp. 25.2 µg/mL 2
Aspergillus stellifer AB4 300 µg/L 2 [104]
Fusarium equiseti 52.3 µg/mL 2 [100]
Quambalaria cyanescens 40 mg/L 2 [102]
Rhein Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hemostatic Fusarium solani Rheum palmatum 5.672 mg/L 2 [140]
Saikosaponin d Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory Fusarium acuminatum Bupleurum scorzonerifolium 2.40 µg/mL 2 [141]
Fusarium oxysporum 2.17 µg/mL 2
Salidroside Adaptogenic, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective Phialocephala fortinii (Rac56) Rhodiola angusta 2.339 ± 0.1093 mg/mL 2 [142]
Salvianolic acid C Anticancer, antioxidant, treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Phoma glomerata D14 Salvia miliorrhiza 0.054 µg/mL 2;
47.67 ± 0.04 µg/g 3 		[143]
Saponin Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, haemolytic, hepatoprotective Fusarium sp. (Pg27) Panax ginseng 0.181 mg/mL 2 [144]
Silybin A and B, isosilybin A Anti-tumor, hepatoprotective Aspergillus iizukae Silybum marianum 0.13–0.22 µg/g 3 [145]
Sipeimine Anti-tumor, antitussive Unidentified (Fu7) Fritillaria ussuriensis ND [146]
Solamargine Antidiabetogenic, cytotoxic Aspergillus flavus Solanum nigrum 250–300 µg/L2 [147]
Tanshinone I and IIA Anti-inflammatory, anticoronaviral, anticancer Trichoderma atroviride D16 Salvia miliorrhiza 1.119 ± 0.008 µg/g 1 (I);
3.049 ± 0.001 µg/g 1 (IIA)		 [148]
Taxol (paclitaxel) Chemotherapy drug Annulohypoxylon sp. MUS1 Taxus wallichiana 282.05 µg/L 2 [149]
Aspergillus fumigatus Taxus sp. 1.60 g/L 2 [150]
Seimatoantlerium nepalense Taxus wallichiana ND [151]
Seimatoantlerium tepuisense Venezuelan guyana 250–350 ng/L 2 [152]
Taxomyces andreanae Taxus brevifolia 24–50 ng/L 2 [77]
Tyrosol Antioxidant, cardioprotective Phialocephala fortinii (Rac56) Rhodiola angusta 2.002 ± 0.0009 mg/mL 2 [142]
Vinblastine Antineoplastic, anti-tumor Curvularia verruculosa Catharanthus roseus 182 µg/L 2 [105]
Fusarium oxysporum 76 µg/L 2 [25]
Fusarium solani ND [107]
Talaromyces radicus 70 µg/L 2 [153]
Vincamine Antihypertensive, vasodilator Geomyces sp. Nerium indicum 1.279 mg/L 2 [154]
Unidentified (Vm-J2) Vinca minor 0.1 mg/L 2 [155]
Vincristine Chemotherapy drug Eutypella sp. Catharanthus roseus 53 ± 5.0 µg/L 2 [106]
Fusarium oxysporum 67 µg/L 2 [25]
Fusarium solani ND [107]
Viniferin Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-angiogenic, antimicrobial, anthelminthic Aspergillus stellifer AB4 Vitis vinifera 324 µg/L 2 [104]
Withanolide Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antistress, cardioprotective, neuroprotective Taleromyces pinophilus Withania somnifera 360 mg/L 2 [156]
Bacteria
Achillin Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasorelaxant Microbacterium maritypicum Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Berberine Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic Kytococcus schroeteri Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Paenibacillus polymyxa
Camptothecin Anticancer (inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I), potential antineoplastic agent Bacillus cereus ChST Miquelia dentata 1.177 µg/mL 2 [90]
Bacillus subtilis PXJ-5 1.554 µg/mL 2
Bacillus subtilis Pyrenacantha angustifolia 0.18 µg/mL 2 [158]
Kytococcus schroeteri Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Daunorubicin Antibiotic, antineoplastic, anticancer Paenibacillus polymyxa Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Dendrobine analogs Anti-cataract, and anti-influenza A virus, anti-tumor, promising therapeutical effects for Alzheimer’s disease Pseudomonas proteogens CHA0 Dendrobium sp. ND [159]
Diosgenin Anticancer, antiatherogenic, antineoplastic, and antiviral agent Bacillus sp. Trigonella foenum-graceum 527.83 µg/L 2 [160]
Bacillus cereus 156.33 µg/L 2
Galanthamine Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Paenibacillus lautus Leucojum aestivum 37.51 µg/g 1 [161]
Burkholderia graminis Narcissus tazetta 37.8 µg/L 2 [162]
Bacillus thuringiensis 61.0 µg/L 2
Ginsenoside Rg3 Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antineoplastic agent, apoptosis inducer Burkholderia sp. Panax ginseng ND [93]
Agrobacterium sp. (PDA-2) 62.20 mg/L 2 [94]
Harmine Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hallucinogen Microbacterium maritypicum Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Ligustrazine Anti-inflammatory, nootropic Bacillus subtilis Ligusticum chuanxiong 1.0268 mg/L 2 [163]
Lycorine Anticancer Paenibacillus lautus Leucojum aestivum 37.51 µg/g 1 [163]
Maytansine Antimicrobial, antineoplastic Unidentified Putterlickia retrospinosa ND [164]
Putterlickia verrucosa
Myricetin Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective Microbacterium maritypicum Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Oxylipins Antibiotic Bacillus sp. Alternanthera brasiliana ND [165]
Taxol (paclitaxel) Chemotherapy drug Kitasatospora sp. Taxus baccata ND [166]
Sanguinarine Antibiotic, anticancer Paenibacillus polymyxa Ephedra foliata ND [157]
Vindoline Antimitotic, precursor for vinblastine Microbacterium sp. Catharanthus roseus 82 ug/L 2 [167]

ND—no data; 1—dry weight of mycelia; 2—in culture medium; 3—in extract.