Table 3.
Genetic markers for strength athlete status.
| Gene | Full Name | Locus | Polymorphism | Strength-Related Allele | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies with Positive Results | Studies with Negative or Controversial Results | |||||
| ABHD17C | Abhydrolase domain containing 17C | 15q25.1 | rs7165759 G/A | A | [35,51] | |
| ACE | Angiotensin I converting enzyme | 17q23.3 | Alu I/D (rs4343 A/G or rs4341 C/G) |
D (G) | [299,300,301,302,303,304] | [305] |
| ACTG1 | Actin γ 1 | 17q25.3 | rs6565586 T/A | A | [34,51] | |
| ACTN3 | Actinin α 3 | 11q13.1 | rs1815739 C/T | C | [302,306,307,308] | [51,305,309,310] |
| ADCY3 | Adenylate cyclase 3 | 2p23.3 | rs10203386 T/A | T | [35,51] | |
| ADPGK | ADP dependent glucokinase | 15q24.1 | rs4776614 C/G | C | [35,51] | |
| AGT | Angiotensinogen | 1q42.2 | rs699 T/C | C | [310,311] | [51] |
| ALDH2 | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Family Member | 12q24.12 | rs671 G/A | G | [66,67,68] | |
| ANGPT2 | Angiopoietin 2 | 8p23.1 | rs890022 G/A | A | [51,312] | |
| AR | Androgen Receptor | Xq12 | (CAG)n | ≥21 | [313,314] | |
| ARPP21 | CAMP regulated phosphoprotein 21 | 3p22.3 | rs1513475 T/C | C | [35,51] | |
| BCDIN3D | Bicoid interacting 3 domain containing RNA methyltransferase | 12q13.12 | rs12367809 C/T | C | [35,51] | |
| CKM | Creatine kinase, M-type | 19q13.32 | rs8111989 A/G | G | [54,315] | [51,274] |
| CNTFR | Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor | 9p13.3 | rs41274853 C/T | T | [275,316] | [51] |
| CRTAC1 | Cartilage acidic protein 1 | 10q24.2 | rs563296 G/A | G | [35,51] | |
| DHODH | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (Quinone) | 16q22.2 | rs12599952 G/A | A | [35,51] | |
| GALNTL6 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like 6 | 4q34.1 | rs558129 C/T | T | [47] | |
| GBE1 | 1, 4-α-glucan branching enzyme 1 | 3p12.2 | rs9877408 A/G | A | [35,51] | |
| GBF1 | Golgi brefeldin A resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 | 10q24.32 | rs2273555 G/A | A | [34,317] | |
| GLIS3 | GLIS Family Zinc Finger 3 | 9p24.2 | rs34706136 T/TG | TG | [50] | |
| HIF1A | Hypoxia inducible factor 1 α | 14q21-q24 | rs11549465 C/T | T | [278,295,318] | [51] |
| IGF1 | Insulin-like growth factor 1 | 12q23.2 | rs35767 C/T | T | [51,280,319] | |
| IL6 | Interleukin 6 | 7p21 | rs1800795 C/G | G | [51,283] | |
| ITPR1 | Inositol 1, 4, 5-Triphosphate Receptor Type 1 | 3p26.1 | rs901850 G/T | T | [35,51] | |
| KIF1B | Kinesin family member 1B | 1p36.22 | rs11121542 G/A | G | [35,51] | |
| LRPPRC | Leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat cassette | 2p21 | rs10186876 A/G | A | [34,51,298] | |
| MLN | Motilin | 6p21.31 | rs12055409 A/G | G | [35,317] | |
| MMS22L | Methyl methanesulfonate-sensitivity protein 22-Like | 6q16.1 | rs9320823 T/C | T | [35,51,298] | |
| MTHFR | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | 1p36.3 | rs1801131 A/C | C | [51,286,298] | |
| NPIPB6 | Nuclear pore complex interacting protein family member B6 | 16p12.1 | rs2726036 A/C | A | [35,51] | |
| PHACTR1 | Phosphate and actin regulator 1 | 6p24.1 | rs6905419 C/T | C | [35,51,298] | |
| PLEKHB1 | Pleckstrin homology domain containing B1 | 11q13.4 | rs7128512 A/G | G | [51,312] | |
| PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α | 22q13.31 | rs4253778 G/C | C | [220,320,321] | [51] |
| PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ | 3p25.2 | rs1801282 C/G | G | [51,290,291] | |
| PPARGC1A | Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, γ, coactivator 1 α | 4p15.2 | rs8192678 G/A | A | [51,305,308] | |
| R3HDM1 | R3H domain containing 1 | 2q21.3 | rs6759321 G/T | T | [35,51] | |
| RASGRF1 | Ras protein specific guanine nucleotide Releasing Factor 1 | 15q25.1 | rs1521624 C/A | A | [35,51] | |
| RMC1 | Regulator of MON1-CCZ1 | 18q11.2 | rs303760 C/T | C | [35,51] | |
| SLC39A8 | Solute carrier family 39 member 8 | 4q24 | rs13135092 A/G | A | [35,51] | |
| TFAP2D | Transcriptional factor AP-2 delta | 6p12.3 | rs56068671 G/T | T | [35,51] | |
| ZKSCAN5 | Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 5 | 7q22.1 | rs3843540 T/C | C | [35,51] | |
| ZNF608 | Zinc finger protein 608 | 5q23.2 | rs4626333 G/A | G | [312,317] | |