Table 2. Multivariable regression models of vaccine hesitancy (five levels).
| Demographics | Existing | Contextual | Cues to action | All variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female vs Male | 0.70 | [0.65, 0.76] | 0.70 | [0.65, 0.76] | ||||||
| Age (vs 18–34 year olds) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 35–49 years | 0.65 | [0.60, 0.72] | 0.65 | [0.59, 0.72] | ||||||
| 50–59 years | 0.47 | [0.42, 0.52] | 0.42 | [0.37, 0.47] | ||||||
| 60 years and older | 0.27 | [0.24, 0.30] | 0.21 | [0.19, 0.25] | ||||||
| COVID information sources (yes vs no for each) | ||||||||||
| Traditional | 0.95 | [0.71, 1.26] | 0.88 | [0.66, 1.18] | ||||||
| Personal network | 1.17 | [0.99, 1.39] | 1.06 | [0.89, 1.26] | ||||||
| Healthcare | 1.05 | [0.95, 1.16] | 1.09 | [0.98, 1.20] | ||||||
| Community | 1.18 | [0.98, 1.43] | 1.15 | [0.95, 1.40] | ||||||
| Mistrust in government, z-score | 1.50 | [1.44, 1.55] | 1.47 | [1.42, 1.53] | ||||||
| Highest educational attainment (vs None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.19 | [1.03, 1.38] | 0.91 | [0.78, 1.05] | ||||||
| Some secondary | 2.05 | [1.81, 2.33] | 0.78 | [0.67, 0.91] | ||||||
| Completed secondary | 1.93 | [1.68, 2.21] | 0.69 | [0.59, 0.82] | ||||||
| Any tertiary | 1.44 | [1.20, 1.73] | 0.63 | [0.51, 0.77] | ||||||
| Household location (vs rural) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Peri-Urban | 1.13 | [0.99, 1.29] | 1.12 | [0.98, 1.27] | ||||||
| Urban | 0.87 | [0.64, 1.19] | 0.96 | [0.74, 1.25] | ||||||
| Household economic change (vs None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Much better off | 1.33 | [0.82, 2.15] | 1.13 | [0.69, 1.83] | ||||||
| A little better off | 1.17 | [0.97, 1.42] | 1.08 | [0.89, 1.31] | ||||||
| A little worse off | 0.99 | [0.86, 1.13] | 1.00 | [0.87, 1.15] | ||||||
| Much worse off | 0.89 | [0.76, 1.03] | 0.90 | [0.77, 1.05] | ||||||
| Community wellbeing change (vs None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Got better | 0.86 | [0.65, 1.14] | 0.99 | [0.75, 1.31] | ||||||
| Got worse | 1.06 | [0.95, 1.18] | 1.06 | [0.95, 1.19] | ||||||
| Household member aged 60+ | 0.69 | [0.64, 0.74] | 1.04 | [0.95, 1.13] | ||||||
| COVID stereotype stigma, z-score | 1.04 | [0.99, 1.09] | 1.01 | [0.96, 1.06] | ||||||
| COVID anticipated stigma, z-score | 1.05 | [1.01, 1.09] | 1.02 | [0.97, 1.06] | ||||||
| KZN cases per 1000 pop in past 7 days | 0.86 | [0.57, 1.28] | 0.80 | [0.53, 1.21] | ||||||
| Concern if got COVID (vs Not at all) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Slightly concerned | 1.31 | [1.18, 1.45] | 1.35 | [1.22, 1.50] | ||||||
| Moderately concerned | 1.49 | [1.32, 1.69] | 1.38 | [1.21, 1.56] | ||||||
| Very concerned | 0.79 | [0.70, 0.88] | 0.84 | [0.75, 0.94] | ||||||
| Knows someone who has had COVID | 0.74 | [0.64, 0.86] | 0.69 | [0.59, 0.80] | ||||||
| Any other household members vaccinated | 0.72 | [0.66, 0.79] | 0.65 | [0.59, 0.71] | ||||||
| PHQ-4 (vs normal) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Mild | 0.92 | [0.84, 1.02] | 0.96 | [0.87, 1.06] | ||||||
| Moderate | 0.71 | [0.63, 0.80] | 0.91 | [0.80, 1.03] | ||||||
| Severe | 1.05 | [0.84, 1.33] | 1.16 | [0.91, 1.47] | ||||||
| Interview Month (vs April) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| May 2021 | 0.53 | [0.42, 0.68] | 0.60 | [0.46, 0.77] | 0.55 | [0.43, 0.71] | 0.52 | [0.41, 0.67] | 0.59 | [0.45, 0.76] |
| June 2021 | 0.26 | [0.20, 0.34] | 0.39 | [0.30, 0.51] | 0.33 | [0.25, 0.43] | 0.34 | [0.26, 0.45] | 0.35 | [0.26, 0.46] |
| August 2021 | 0.16 | [0.12, 0.22] | 0.26 | [0.19, 0.35] | 0.22 | [0.16, 0.30] | 0.27 | [0.15, 0.52] | 0.27 | [0.14, 0.51] |
| September 2021 | 0.13 | [0.10, 0.17] | 0.18 | [0.13, 0.25] | 0.17 | [0.13, 0.23] | 0.18 | [0.13, 0.26] | 0.17 | [0.12, 0.23] |
| October 2021 | 0.15 | [0.12, 0.20] | 0.24 | [0.18, 0.32] | 0.19 | [0.14, 0.25] | 0.19 | [0.14, 0.25] | 0.21 | [0.16, 0.28] |
| November 2021 | 0.14 | [0.11, 0.18] | 0.25 | [0.19, 0.32] | 0.17 | [0.13, 0.23] | 0.17 | [0.13, 0.23] | 0.22 | [0.16, 0.28] |
| December 2021 | 0.13 | [0.10, 0.18] | 0.22 | [0.16, 0.30] | 0.16 | [0.11, 0.21] | 0.17 | [0.12, 0.24] | 0.21 | [0.15, 0.31] |
| January 2022 | 0.15 | [0.11, 0.20] | 0.26 | [0.19, 0.35] | 0.18 | [0.14, 0.25] | 0.19 | [0.14, 0.27] | 0.24 | [0.17, 0.34] |
| February 2022 | 0.15 | [0.12, 0.20] | 0.22 | [0.17, 0.30] | 0.17 | [0.13, 0.23] | 0.18 | [0.13, 0.23] | 0.22 | [0.17, 0.29] |
| March 2022 | 0.21 | [0.16, 0.27] | 0.33 | [0.25, 0.43] | 0.27 | [0.21, 0.35] | 0.26 | [0.20, 0.34] | 0.29 | [0.22, 0.38] |
| April 2022 | 0.32 | [0.23, 0.44] | 0.51 | [0.37, 0.71] | 0.45 | [0.33, 0.63] | 0.44 | [0.31, 0.61] | 0.42 | [0.30, 0.58] |
| Community level variance (random effect) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||||
N = 10,011. All models are two-level (individuals nested in communities) random effects order logistic regressions. Higher values represent greater hesitancy.