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. 2023 Jun 20;24(12):10392. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210392

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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BRCA1, RAD51, and RAD54 foci formation after Cr(VI) treatment and irradiation with 1 Gy in HeLa S3 cells. Cells were pre-incubated with K₂Cr₂O₇ for 24 h or 64 h (A,C,E), irradiated with 1 Gy (B,D,F), and post-incubated in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇ for 8 h. Cells were stained against BRCA1 (A,B), RAD51 (C,D), and RAD54 (E,F). G2 cells were identified via CENP-F staining. Shown are unirradiated (A,C,E) and irradiated (B,D,F) cells. The data represent mean values of three independent experiments performed in double determination ± SD. For each time point and treatment, foci were counted in 40 G2 phase cells. Statistical analysis between Cr(VI) treatment and corresponding controls (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001) were performed by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett T. Pictures displaying foci formation are shown in Supplementary Figures S3–S5.