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. 2023 Jun 15;12(12):4064. doi: 10.3390/jcm12124064

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Migration of MSCs during bone fracture healing. Cytokines, such as TGF-β, LL-37, and PDGFs help migrate MSCs to the bone surface to differentiate into preosteoblasts. SDF-1α and CXCL7 are released from the injured bone site to boost preosteoblast migration. Preosteoblasts then differentiate into osteoblasts on the bone surface to assist in the healing process. MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β, PDGFs: Platelet-derived growth factors, LL-37: Human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor 1. Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 8 June 2023.