Table 1.

Table of the characteristics in the included studies.

Authors and Year	Animal Model and Age	MSCs Type	Transduction/Transfection Method	BMP Therapy Delivery Method	Diameter Size of the Defect	Approximate Number of Cells Seeded	BMP Therapy	BMP Dose	Type of Scaffold Used to Seed MSCs	Endpoints
Aquino-Martinez, R. et al., 2016 [6]	Six to eight-week-old GFP transgenic BALB/c mice	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	5 mm	3.5 × 105	BMP-2	2 nM	Gelatin/CaSO4 scaffold	5 Weeks
Chuang, C.K. et al., 2010 [7]	Female immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley rats. 10 weeks	BMSCs	Baculovirus	Transduction	8 mm	5 × 106	BMP-2	Not reported	PLGA	4 and 12 weeks
Du, M. et al., 2017 [8]	Seven to eight-week-old, adult female Wistar rats	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	4 × 104	BMP-2	800 ng/mL	Acellular dermal matrix membrane	1 and 2 weeks
Gao, X. et al., 2014 [9].	Eight-week-old Male CD-1 nude mice	BMSCs	Lentivirus	Transduction	5 mm	1.5 × 106	BMP-2	Not reported	Fibrin sealant	1, 14, 28 and 42 days
Gao, X. et al., 2022 [10]	Seven-weeks-old ICRSCID mice at	hMDSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	5 mm	2 × 104	BMP-2, 4, 6, 7, 9	50 ng/mL	Fibrin sealant	1, 14, 28 and 42 days
Gohil, S. V. et al., 2016 [11]	Col3.6Cyan (ECFP) mice	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	3.5 mm	3 × 106 cells/cm2	rhBMP-2	2 ug	Chitosan thermogel	4 and 8 weeks
He, X. et al., 2014 [12]	Male SD rats at 8 weeks of age	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	1 × 106	BMP-2	200 ng/mL	Chitosan/alginate/hydroxyapatite	12 weeks
Hsieh, M. K. et al., 2018 [13]	Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats	BMSCs	E. coli/TransIT-2020	Transfection	8 mm	1 × 106/mL	BMP-2	Not reported	Corning Matrigel basement membrane Matrix High Concentration	12 weeks
Jin, H. et al., 2014 [14]	Male Wistar rats	BMSCs	Cells in transfection media	Transfection	5 mm	2 × 105	BMP-2	Not reported	polyethylenimine–alginate (PEI–al) nanocomposite	4 and 8 weeks
Kong, Y. et al., 2019 [15]	Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	5 mm	5 × 105	BMP-2	0.5 ± 0.02 μg/mL	Sodium alginate microcapsules and polylactic acid (PLLA) microspheres	4 and 8 weeks
Kuttappan, S. et al., 2018 [16]	Four to five-month-old male Wistar rats	ADSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	5 × 104	BMP-2	Not stated	Nanocomposite fibrous	4 and 12 weeks
Lee, J.H. et al., 2015 [17]	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	hADSCs	E. coli	Transfection	8 mm	2 × 103–2 × 104	rhBMP-2	Not reported	Collagen sponge	2 and 6 weeks
Li, L. et al., 2015 [18]	Female Sprague-Dawley rats	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	2 × 104	BMP-2	80 mg	Dexamethasone embedded PCE polymer	4 and 12 weeks
Park, S.H. et al., 2010 [19]	Male immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley rats. 6 weeks	BMSCs	rAd	Transduction	8 mm	5 × 105	BMP-2	Not reported	Matrigel matrix	4 weeks
Shao, N. et al., 2018 [20]	Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	5 mm	5 × 104	BMP-2	340–400 μg	Inorganic hydroxyapatite gel	12 weeks
Stephan, S.J. et al., 2010 [21]	Six to eight-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	0.3 × 106	BMP-2	2 μg	Chitosan gel	4 and 8 weeks
Strecker, S. E. et al., 2019 [22]	Osterix-mCherry mice	BMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	4 mm	1.2 × 106 cells/cm2	rhBMP-2	0.2 μg	Dextran-Dendrimer Hydrogel Nanocomposite	4 and 8 weeks
Subbiah, R. et al., 2015 [23]	Seven-week-old SD rats	UCMSCs	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	9 mm	2.5 × 106	BMP-2	392 ± 18 ng	PLGA NP and alginate microcapsules	4 and 8 weeks
Sun, K. et al., 2020 [24]	SCID mice. Age not specified	BMSCs	rAAV	Transduction	5 mm	1 × 107	BMP-2	Not reported	mGL hydrogel scaffold	6 weeks
Terella, A. et al., 2010 [25]	Albino male Sprague Dawley rats aged 10–11 weeks	Not specified	Embedded in scaffold	Embedded in scaffold	8 mm	1 × 107	BMP-2	5–15 ng/80 uL	PEG-DA, and PEG-MMP	1, 4 and 8 weeks
Vila, O.F. et al., 2014 [26]	10-week-old SCID mice	hADSCs	Lentivirus	Transduction	3 mm	0.2 × 106	BMP-2	Not reported	Fibrin matrix	6 weeks
Zhang, Y. et al., 2011 [27]	SCID mice. Age not specified	BMSCs	Adenovirus	Transduction	3 mm	1 × 106	BMP-7	Not reported	Silk fibroin	4 weeks
Zhou, C. et al., 2020 [28]	Two-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats	BMSCs	Lentivirus	Transduction	5 mm	2 × 106 cell/mL	BMP-9	Not reported	P3HB4HB thermogel	4 weeks

Abbreviations: BMP: Bone morphogenic protein; CT-scan: Computerized tomography scan; mGL: Methacrylated gelatin; H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin staining; hBMSCs: Human bone marrow-derived stem cells; hADSCs: Human adipose-derived stem cells; hMdSCs; Human muscle derived stem cells; nTmGL group: mGL scaffold loaded with BMP-2 and hBMSCs; PLGA: Poly-Lactic-Glycolic-Acid; rAAD: Recombinant adeno-associated virus; PEG-DA: Poly (ethylene glycol)-diacrylate; PEG-MMP: Protease sensitive PEG; rAd: Recombinant adenovirus; SCID: Severe combined immunodeficient; TmGL group: mGL scaffold seeded with hBMSCs transduced with BMP-2; hMDSCs: Human muscle derived stem cells; PCE: Poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol); UCB-MSCs: Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PLGA NPs: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles; nHAp-BMP-2: Nano-hydroxyapatite peptide covalently immobilized with BMP-2.