Table 4.
IVUS findings.
| Non/Mild Calcification (n = 171) | Moderate/Severe Calcification (n = 94) | p | Matched Non/Mild Calcification (n = 81) | Matched Moderate/Severe Calcification (n = 72) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-PCI IVUS | ||||||
| Minimum luminal area site | ||||||
| Luminal Area (mm2) | 2.67 ± 0.90 | 2.44 ± 0.67 | 0.019 | 2.69 ± 0.91 | 2.49 ± 0.69 | 0.120 |
| Vessel Area (mm2) | 13.56 ± 4.92 | 13.74 ± 4.59 | 0.772 | 13.94 ± 4.65 | 14.23 ± 4.80 | 0.702 |
| Plaque Burden (%) | 79.83 (74.57,83.41) | 81.34 (78.45,85.29) | 0.006 | 80.27 (73.67,84.00) | 81.43 (78.40,85.59) | 0.041 |
| Remodeling Index | 0.86 ± 0.23 | 0.89 ± 0.21 | 0.294 | 0.88 ± 0.22 | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 0.565 |
| Lesion Length (mm) | 26.76 ± 9.73 | 30.88 ± 11.09 | 0.002 | 27.88 ± 9.44 | 31.56 ± 11.27 | 0.029 |
| Proximal reference site Luminal Area (mm2) Vessel Area (mm2) Plaque Burden (%) |
11.82 ± 4.53 18.75 ± 5.7 36.98 ± 12.40 |
10.41 ± 4.23 18.76 ± 5.35 44.78 ± 12.98 |
0.014 0.985 0.001 |
11.73 ± 4.68 19.23 ± 6.19 38.86 ± 12.82 |
10.85 ± 4.54 19.49 ± 5.29 45.15 ± 13.47 |
0.244 0.780 0.004 |
| Distal reference site Luminal Are (mm2) Vessel Area (mm2) Plaque burden (%) |
8.21 (6.27,11.03) 13.20 ± 5.70 30.46 ± 10.97 |
7.04 (5.33,10.18) 12.64 ± 5.43 35.05 ± 14.46 |
0.012 0.435 0.004 |
8.15 (6.41,10.62) 13.18 ± 5.42 30.45 ± 11.14 |
7.04 (5.18,10.38) 12.83 ± 5.70 35.89 ± 14.14 |
0.034 0.702 0.009 |
| Mean Reference Luminal Area (mm2) | 10.45 ± 3.88 | 9.19 ± 3.49 | 0.010 | 10.40 ± 3.92 | 9.43 ± 3.71 | 0.119 |
| Volumetric analysis | ||||||
| Mean luminal area (mm3/mm) | 5.89 (4.70,7.68) | 5.04 (4.00,5.96) | <0.001 | 5.82 (4.77,7.27) | 5.16 (4.04,6.26) | 0.028 |
| Mean vessel area (mm3/mm) | 14.98 ± 4.98 | 14.87 ± 4.35 | 0.856 | 14.97 ± 4.47 | 15.39 ± 4.48 | 0.567 |
| Plaque burden (%) | 56.80 ± 8.44 | 63.47 ± 7.28 | <0.001 | 57.56 ± 9.28 | 63.91 ± 7.25 | <0.001 |
| Maximum calcium arc (o) | 86.70 (43.90,139.20) | 266.80 (226.28,360.00) | <0.001 | 96.30 (67.20,148.05) | 263.95 (222.58,360.00) | <0.001 |
| Calcium length (mm) | 6.10 (2.10,13.10) | 20.30 (14.23,26.55) | <0.001 | 7.50 (3.30,12.75) | 21.65 (15.20,26.50) | <0.001 |
| Calcium Index * | 10.06 ± 11.22 | 56.63 ± 24.24 | <0.001 | 11.61 ± 12.23 | 55.90 ± 23.34 | <0.001 |
| Superficial Calcium | 80.12% (137) | 100.0% (94) | <0.001 | 88.89% (72) | 100.0% (72) | 0.004 |
| Deep Calcium | 7.60% (13) | 26.60% (25) | <0.001 | 7.41% (6) | 25.00% (18) | 0.003 |
| Calcium nodule | 6.43% (11) | 23.40% (22) | <0.001 | 9.88% (8) | 25.00% (18) | 0.013 |
| Plaque rupture | 15.20% (26) | 39.36% (37) | <0.001 | 18.52% (15) | 45.83% (33) | <0.001 |
| Attenuate Plaque | 71.35% (122) | 79.79% (75) | 0.132 | 74.07% (60) | 79.17% (57) | 0.459 |
| POST-PCI IVUS | ||||||
| Minimum stent area site | ||||||
| Minimum stent area (mm2) | 6.68 ± 2.34 | 5.71 ± 2.04 | 0.001 | 6.42 ± 2.10 | 5.89 ± 2.15 | 0.126 |
| Vessel area at MSA (mm2) | 15.02 ± 5.07 | 14.71 ± 5.06 | 0.643 | 14.83 ± 4.91 | 14.95 ± 5.30 | 0.891 |
| Maximum stent diameter (mm) | 3.17 ± 0.56 | 2.96 ± 0.54 | 0.04 | 3.11 ± 0.51 | 3.02 ± 0.56 | 0.286 |
| Minimum stent diameter (mm) | 2.58 ± 0.46 | 2.36 ± 0.44 | 0.001 | 2.54 ± 0.43 | 2.39 ± 0.44 | 0.028 |
| Stent asymmetry | 0.17 (0.12,0.23) | 0.17 (0.13,0.25) | 0.248 | 0.17 (0.12,0.22) | 0.19 (0.14,0.26) | 0.060 |
| Stent eccentricity | 0.83 (0.77,0.88) | 0.83 (0.75,0.87) | 0.248 | 0.83 (0.78,0.88) | 0.81 (0.74,0.86) | 0.060 |
| Mean stent area (mm2) | 8.16 (6.63,11.07) | 7.39 (5.87,9.85) | 0.055 | 7.70 (6.47,11.21) | 8.22 (5.94,10.33) | 0.642 |
| Conventional stent expansion | 65.91 ± 14.71 | 64.38 ± 13.86 | 0.127 | 63.94 ± 13.83 | 65.11 ± 14.19 | 0.607 |
| MSA/MVA at MSA site (%) | 45.42 ± 9.07 | 38.83 ± 8.89 | <0.001 | 44.56 ± 9.44 | 40.41 ± 8.67 | 0.006 |
| IVUS-XPL * trial stent expansion criteria | 11.70% (20) | 11.70% (11) | 0.999 | 6.17% (5) | 13.89% (10) | 0.109 |
| ULTIMATE * trial stent expansion criteria | 74.27% (127) | 57.45% (54) | 0.005 | 70.37% (57) | 63.89% (46) | 0.394 |
| MSA > 5.5 mm2 | 66.08% (113) | 41.49% (39) | 0.006 | 65.43% (53) | 45.83% (33) | 0.015 |
| MSA/Average reference lumen area > 80% | 17.54% (30) | 13.83% (13) | 0.433 | 13.58% (11) | 15.28% (11) | 0.765 |
| Stent malapposition | 24.56% (42) | 45.74% (43) | <0.001 | 24.69% (20) | 52.78% (38) | <0.001 |
| Major Stent Malapposition | 12.28% (21) | 18.09% (17) | 0.197 | 11.11% (9) | 22.22% (16) | 0.064 |
| Minor Stent Malapposition | 12.28% (21) | 27.66% (26) | 0.002 | 13.58% (11) | 30.56% (22) | 0.011 |
| Tissue protrusion | 1.75% (3) | 1.06% (1) | 0.659 | 2.47% (2) | 1.39% (1) | 0.630 |
| Stent Edge Dissection | 1.17% (2) | 1.06% (1) | 0.938 | 1.23% (1) | 1.39% (1) | 0.933 |
Abbreviations: MSA = Minimum Stent Area, ULTIMATE criteria = MSA > 5.5 mm2 or >90% distal lumen reference area, IVUS-XPL criteria = MSA > distal lumen reference area, Conventional stent expansion = MSA/(Average reference lumen area) × 100, Calcium Index = (maximum calcium arc/360) × (total calcium length/lesion length) × 100, Major Stent Malapposition: axial distance > 0.4 mm or >1 mm in length.