Table 2.
Sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury- and outcome-related characteristics of the current study sample.
| Group (Reference in Italics) |
N (%) | M (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | - | 2069 (100) | 49.09 (19.32) |
| Sex | male | 1352 (65.35) | - |
| female | 717 (34.65) | - | |
| Education | college/university | 967 (46.74) | - |
| secondary/high school | 628 (30.35) | - | |
| none/primary school | 258 (12.47) | - | |
| missing | 216 (10.44) | - | |
| Employment | full-time employed | 883 (42.68) | - |
| part-time employed | 225 (10.87) | - | |
| in training | 193 (9.33) | - | |
| unemployed | 163 (7.88) | - | |
| retired | 477 (23.05) | - | |
| missing | 128 (6.19) | - | |
| Living situation | with someone | 1651 (79.80) | - |
| alone | 417 (20.15) | - | |
| missing | 1 (0.05) | - | |
| Premorbid psychiatric history |
no | 1803 (87.14) | - |
| yes | 244 (11.79) | - | |
| missing | 22 (1.06) | - | |
| Injury cause | incidental fall | 900 (43.50) | - |
| road traffic accident | 844 (40.79) | - | |
| other | 286 (13.82) | - | |
| missing | 39 (1.88) | - | |
| TBI severity | uncomplicated mild | 653 (31.56) | - |
| complicated mild | 618 (29.87) | - | |
| moderate/severe | 472 (22.81) | - | |
| missing | 326 (15.76) | - | |
| Loss of consciousness | no | 641 (30.98) | - |
| yes | 1223 (59.11) | - | |
| missing | 205 (9.91) | - | |
| Extracranial injuries (ISS) | - | 2048 (98.99) | 18.58 (15.00) |
| Clinical care pathways |
ER | 437 (21.12) | - |
| Ward | 792 (38.28) | - | |
| ICU | 840 (40.60) | - | |
| Recovery (GOSE) | good recovery | 1336 (64.57) | - |
| moderate disability | 198 (9.57) | - | |
| severe disability | 534 (25.81) | - | |
| missing | 1 (0.05) | - | |
| PCL-5 | 3 M | 1630 (78.78) | 12.92 (13.57) |
| 6 M | 2069 (100) | 12.25 (13.64) | |
| GAD-7 | 3 M | 1618 (78.20) | 3.63 (4.46) |
| 6 M | 2069 (100) | 3.59 (4.49) | |
| PHQ-9 | 3 M | 1626 (78.59) | 5.20 (5.21) |
| 6 M | 2069 (100) | 5.00 (5.30) | |
| PTSD Screening Diagnosis |
No | 1845 (89.17) | - |
| Yes | 224 (10.83) | - | |
| GAD Screening Diagnosis |
No | 1846 (89.22) | - |
| Yes | 223 (10.78) | - | |
| MDD Screening Diagnosis |
No | 1702 (82.26) | - |
| Yes | 367 (17.74) | - | |
| Total | - | 2069 (100) | - |
Note. TBI = traumatic brain injury, ISS = total injury severity score, ER = emergency room, ICU = intensive care unit, GOSE = Glasgow Outcome Scores Extended, PCL-5 = PCL-5 total score, GAD-7 = GAD-7 total score, PHQ-9 = PHQ-9 total score, 3 M = three-month assessment, 6 M = six-month assessment. Screening diagnoses are assessed based on the commonly used cutoffs for PTSD (i.e., PCL-5 ≥ 31), GAD (i.e., GAD-7 ≥ 10), and MDD (i.e., PHQ-9 ≥ 10).