Table 3.

Summary of tested insecticides and their potential targets in RPW’s gut.

Insecticide/Inhibitor	Target Gene/Protein	Function of Target	Reference
Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum extract; soybean trypsin inhibitor; N-tosyl-l- phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (chymotrypsin inhibitor)	Trypsin-like serine proteinase assessment; trypsin; chymotrypsin	Protein digestion	[50,51]
Hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride (photosensitizer)	Antioxidant enzymes (polyphenol oxidase; peroxidase)	Defense mechanism	[94]
Eserine (carbamate inhibitor)	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Detoxifying enzyme	[16]
Protease inhibitor from palm dates kernel	Protease	Protein digestion	[95]
Novaluron	Chitinase	Chitin regulation	[18]
Sesquiterpene (Farnesol, Farnesyl acetate, Picrotoxin); Spinosad	Glutathione S transferase (GST), Cytochrome P450	Detoxification of xenobiotics	[77,96]
Spinosad	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and/or gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor	Modulation of feeding behavior and reproduction	[96]
Juniperus communis essential oil	Gut protein content	Digestion system	[97]
RNAi/double strand RNA	Catalase	Defense mechanism	[61,66]
Aprotinin	Gut serine proteinase	Serine digestion	[98]
Protease inhibitor from Vigna radiata L. seeds	α-amylase	Carbohydrate digestion	[50,99]
Not tested	Neuropeptide precursor and receptor	To regulate physiology and behavior of insects	[90]
Not tested	Laccase	Oxidize toxic compounds ingested by the insect	[81]
Not tested	Xylanase	Digestion of plant cell wall	[53]
Not tested	Aminopeptidase	Protein digestion	[20]
Not tested	Cellulase	Digestion of plant cell wall	[88]
Not tested	Pectinase	Digestion of plant cell walls	[88,92]
Not tested	Glucosidase	Carbohydrate digestion	[56]