FIGURE 4.

Long non-coding RNAs modulate tumor microenvironment. (A) lncRNA NKILA inactivates the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB) pathway in breast cancer cells. (B) Downregulation of lncRNA NKILA in tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes leads to decreased metastatic potential. (C) In BC cells, in response to micro environmental hypoxia, activation of CamK-A triggers the activation of the NF-kB pathway, leading to increased expression of IL6, IL8, and VEGF, and enhances angiogenesis. (D) In bladder cancer metastasis, the lncRNA LNMAT1 recruits hnRNPL to the CCL2 promoter, resulting in increased expression of CCL2 through CCL2-dependent macrophage recruitment.