Table 3.
Mechanisms of Mg-enriched materials promoting vascularized osteogenesis.
| Materials | Characteristic | Experiments | Animal Model | Angiogenesis Mechanism | Author/Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg nail | Purity of 99.99% | in vivo | Critical size midshaft femur bone defect (5 mm in length) model | up-regulated the expression of CGRP, CGRP promoted the phosphorylation of FAK and elevated the expression of VEGFA | Ye, L./2021 [57] |
| High-purity Mg pin | Length of 5 mm and diameter of 1 mm | in vivo | rat distraction osteogenesis model | via the regulation of VHL/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling | Hamushan, M./2020 [60] |
| MCPC | Contain CPC powder, MPC powder and liquid phase (deionized water) | in vitro | - | Regulation of HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro by immune regulation of macrophages | Wang, M./2016 [97] |
| microgel composite hydrogels | BMP-2/Mg2+ codelivery platform | in vivo | critical cranial defect mode | increase cellular bioenergetic levels to fuel osteogenesis, and thereby markedly promoted the osteoinductivity of BMP-2. | Lin, S./2022 [128] |
Note: CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; FAK: Focal Adhesion Kinase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VHL: Von Hippel–Lindau; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; CPC: calcium phosphate cements; MPC: magnesium phosphate cement; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cell; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2.