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. 2023 Jun 17;24(12):10286. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210286

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of pretreatment with different concentrations of S. nigra fruit extract (EB), fermented extract (FEB), or standard compound solution prior to LPS exposure on interleukin levels, calculated as a percentage compared with the untreated control. The data represent means ± SD (n = 3) and was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison post hoc test. * indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the LPS-treated cells. PA—protocatechuic acid; CG—cyanidin 3-O-glucoside; CA—chlorogenic acid.