Table 1.
Demographics of the patients and risk factors associated with delirium (total n = 327). Bold: Risk factors for delirium.
| Characteristic, n (%) Unless Specified Otherwise |
Total (n = 327) | No Delirium (n = 146) | Delirium (n = 181) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (IQR), years | 71 (66–78) | 68 (64–74) | 74.5 (67–80) | <0.01 |
| Men (n) | 165 (50.5%) | 78 (53.4%) | 87 (48.1%) | 0.261 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| COVID-19 | 20 (6.1%) | 4 (2.7%) | 16 (8.8%) | 0.02 |
| Pre-existing cognitive function | 75 (22.94%) | 11 (7.5%) | 64 (35.4%) | <0.01 |
| Impaired functional ability | 197 (60.2%) | 62 (42.5%) | 135 (74.6%) | <0.01 |
| Physicals restrain | 6 (1.8%) | 0 | 6 (3.3%) | 0.035 |
| Depression | 18 (5.5%) | 7 (4.8%) | 11 (6.1%) | 0.595 |
| History of drug and alcohol abuse | 14 (4.3%) | 8 (5.5%) | 6 (3.3%) | 0.349 |
| History of surgery or anesthesia during admission | 77 (23.7%) | 30 (20.5%) | 47 (26.0%) | 0.229 |
| Anemia | 192 (58.9%) | 70 (47.9%) | 122 (67.4%) | <0.01 |
| Urinary catheterization | 166 (50.8%) | 46 (31.5%) | 120 (66.2%) | <0.01 |
| Dehydration | 178 (54.4%) | 49 (33.5%) | 129 (71.3%) | <0.01 |
| Constipation | 132 (40.50%) | 53 (36.3%) | 79 (43.6%) | 0.165 |
| Impaired sensation (e.g., vision and hearing) | 101 (31.2%) | 34 (23.3%) | 67 (37.0%) | <0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 82 (25.1%) | 34 (23.3%) | 48 (26.5%) | 0.463 |
| Pain | 69 (21.2%) | 33 (22.6%) | 36 (19.9%) | 0.585 |
| Organ failure | 210 (65.0%) | 85 (58.2%) | 125 (69.1%) | 0.030 |
| Electrolytes disturbances | 240 (73.6%) | 88 (60.3%) | 152 (84.0%) | <0.01 |
| History of sleep deprivation | 35 (10.7%) | 11 (7.5%) | 24 (13.3%) | 0.086 |
| Multiple comorbidities (≥3) | 279 (85.3%) | 115 (78.7%) | 164 (90.6%) | <0.01 |
| Use of medications known to precipitate delirium | 267 (81.9%) | 106 (72.6%) | 161 (89.0%) | <0.01 |
| Polypharmacy (≥5) | 306 (93.6%) | 129 (88.4%) | 177 (97.8%) | <0.01 |