Table 2.

Association of Bereavement Experienced between March 2020 – October 2020 (Q1) and Subsequent Psychological Distress, Depression Symptoms, and Anxiety Symptoms at Q2 and Q3 (January 2021-October 2021).

Predictor		Psychological distress (Model 1), N = 29,363, df=8
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Bereaved				330.42	<0.0001
Yes	0.21	0.15	0.26		<0.0001
No	ref	ref	ref
	Depression symptoms (Model 1), N = 29,354, df=8
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Bereaved				357.35	<0.0001
Yes	0.10	0.07	0.13		<0.0001
No	ref	ref	ref
	Anxiety Symptoms (Model 1), N = 29,352, df=8
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Bereaved				217.53	<0.0001
Yes	0.12	0.08	0.15		<0.0001
No	ref	ref	ref
Predictor		Psychological distress (Model 2), N = 29,356, df=10
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Relationship type				271.02	<0.0001
Child or spouse	0.44	0.14	0.74		0.005
Grandparent, parent, or sibling	0.07	-0.04	0.19		0.200
Friends, neighbors, or other family members	0.24	0.17	0.30		<0.0001
No death	ref	ref	ref
	Depression symptoms (Model 2), N = 29,347, df=10
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Relationship type				293.56	<0.0001
Child or spouse	0.35	0.19	0.51		<0.0001
Grandparent, parent, or sibling	0.07	-0.04	0.19		0.195
Friends, neighbors, or other family members	0.24	0.17	0.30		<0.0001
No death	ref	ref	ref
	Anxiety Symptoms (Model 2), N = 29,345, df=10
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Relationship type				178.62	<0.0001
Child or spouse	0.13	-0.05	0.31		0.152
Grandparent, parent, or sibling	0.04	-0.03	0.10		0.262
Friends, neighbors, or other family members	0.14	0.10	0.18		<0.0001
No death	ref	ref	ref

Note. Linear regression models were used to estimate standardized regression weights (β) for the outcome. 95% CI is the standardized 95% confidence interval. Model 1, N=30,765; 30,765 (22.4%) bereaved; 23,677 (77%) not bereaved. Model 2, N(child or spouse)=200(0.7%), N(grandparent, parent, or sibling)=1,486 (4.8%); N(friends, neighbors, or other family members)=5,207(16.9%), N(no death)-23,677 (77%). ^tPsychological distress, depression, and anxiety were assessed at Q2 and Q3 via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) and averaged for a single outcome value. When calculating the scale scores, if a scale had fewer than half the items missing, we imputed the missing items. Thus the 4-item scale has a few more individuals than either of the two-item scales. Models adjusted for age, race, geographic location, median census tract household income, and prepandemic depression symptoms assessed in 2017.