Table 3.

Associations between Memorial Attendance^a in Q1 (October 2020) and Subsequent Psychological Distress, Depression Symptoms, and Anxiety Symptoms at Q2 and Q3 (January 2021-October 2021).

Predictor		Psychological distress (Model 3a), N = 6,597, df=9
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Type of memorial				9.84	<0.0001
In-person	-0.41	-0.53	-0.29		<0.0001
Online	-0.24	-0.46	-0.02		0.0315
None	ref.
	Depression symptoms (Model 3b), N = 6,593, df=9
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Type of memorial				5.89	<0.0001
In-person	-0.17	-0.23	-0.10		<0.0001
Online	-0.15	-0.27	-0.03		0.0310
None	ref.
	Anxiety Symptoms (Model 3c), N = 6,594, df=9
	β	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	F-value	p-value
Type of memorial				11.79	<0.0001
In-person	-0.26	-0.33	-0.19		<0.0001
Online	-0.09	-0.22	0.03		0.1383
None	ref.

Note. Linear regression models were used to estimate a β for each outcome. β = standardized effect size, CI = confidence interval. When calculating the scale scores, if a scale had fewer than half the items missing, we imputed the missing items. For scales containing only two items, we did not impute missing data. Models adjusted for age, race, geographic location, and median census tract household income. To achieve model parsimony, models were not adjusted for prepandemic depression symptoms given non-significant associations noted in primary models. ^aIn-person memorial: N = 506 (7.3%), online memorial: N = 2,834 (41.1%), no memorial: N = 3,533 (51.2%).