Table 2.

Effect of gallic acid (GA) oral dosing on serum levels of biochemical parameters of rats exposed to zinc dioxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and/or arsenic trioxide (ATO) for 60 days.

Estimated parameters	Control	GA	ZNPs	% of control*	ATO	% of control*	ZNPs+ATO	% of control*	GA+ZNPs+ATO	% of restoration≠
AST (U/dl)	7.00c±1.22	5.67c±0.47	15.33 b ± 1.93	219	16.33 b ± 2.25	233	23.33a±2.01	333	15.33 b ± 0.24	66
ALT (U/m)	4.00 cd ± 0.41	2.67 d ± 0.24	12.00 b ± 0.41	300	16.00a±2.12	400	19.00a±1.47	475	7.00c±0.71	37
ALP (U/dl)	36.67 d ± 2.62	36.00 d ± 1.08	62.00c±2.55	169	75.33 b ± 1.55	205	107.67a±6.11	294	66.33 bc±0.85	62
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.64c±0.07	0.40c±0.04	0.91 b ± 0.07	142	1.08 b ± 0.12	168	1.34a±0.13	209	0.97 b ± 0.06	72
Direct bilirubin (mg/dl)	1.30 d ± 0.03	1.05e±0.05	1.92c±0.05	148	2.05c±0.09	158	3.08a±0.01	237	2.53 b ± 0.10	82
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	180.33c±2.59	160.00 d ± 1.08	201.67b ± 4.13	112	229.00a±4.71	127	239.33a±5.91	133	187.00c±7.49	78
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	77.33 d ± 1.43	59.00e±2.68	89.33c±2.25	116	110.00 b ± 2.12	142	123.00a±1.22	159	95.67c±2.78	78
LDL (mg/dl)	25.67 cd ± 0.85	23.67 d ± 1.31	38.33 ab ± 3.30	149	43.22 b ± 2.61	168	45.33a±2.09	177	31.67 bc±2.49	70
VLDL (mg/dl)	16.13 de ± 1.02	13.93e±0.66	19.07 cd ± 0.87	118	34.60 b ± 2.11	215	42.47a±2.08	263	22.00c±1.69	52
HDL (mg/dl)	23.18 b ± 0.91	35.41a±1.06	18.43c±0.13	219	13.11 d ± 0.77	57	11.11 d ± 1.11	48	21.66 b ± 0.67	195

*% of control = (mean value of the intoxicated group/mean values of the control group)*100. ^≠ % of restoration= (mean value of GA+ZNPs+ATO group/mean values of ZNPs+ATO group)*100. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; HD: High-density lipoprotein. Means within the same row carrying different superscripts (a, b, c, and d) are significantly different at p < 0.05. The values shown are means ± SE. n = 10 group.