Fig. 3.

Immunological pathways involved and the downstream effects of omalizumab on allergic inflammation in VKC, CCR7, CC motif chemokine receptor 7; CXCR4, CXC motif chemokine receptor 4; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; ILC-2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell; MUC, mucin; OX40L, OX40 ligand, synonym of CD252 (CD, cluster of differentiation); TGF, transforming growth factor; Th1 cell, type 1 helper T cell; Th2 cell, type 2 helper T cell; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VKC, vernal keratoconjunctivitis