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. 2023 Jun 14;10:1161486. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1161486

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Copyright © 2023 Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Skowron and Wałecka-Zacharska.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stages of the life cycle of L. monocytogenes (virulence factors involved in each stage are included). The first stage includes adhesion (Lap, FbpA, inlJ, Ami, RecA), entry and internalization (InlA, InlB). Next stages are invasion (P60, Lgt), vacuole lysis (LLO, PlcA, PlcB, Mpl), intracellular proliferation (Hgt) and intracellular movement (ActA, P60, InlC). Lap, Listeria adhesion protein; FbpA, Fibronectin-binding protein; InlJ, interanlin J; Ami, autolysin amidase; InlA, internalin A; InlB, internalin B; Lgt, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase; LLO, Listeriolysin O; PlcA, secreted phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; PlcB, phospholipase C; Mpl, Metalloprotease; ActA, Actin assembly-inducing protein (according to: Southwick and Purich, 1996; Portnoy et al., 2002; Freitag et al., 2009; Ireton et al., 2021).