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. 2023 Jun 3;15(6):375. doi: 10.3390/toxins15060375

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Plasmodium life cycle, showing the points at which toxins from animal venoms can act. Inoculation of sporozoites into the host’s epidermis (A); hepatic and pre-erythrocytic stage (B); erythrocytic stage (C); intraerythrocytic phase and gametocyte development (D); Anopheles spp. infection and parasite development in the mosquito midgut (E); male gamete (♂); female gamete (♀).