Table 2.

Available drugs, their chemistry classes, origin, target species, points where it is active and mechanism of action.

Class	Name	Origin of the Drug	Plasmodium spp.	Active against Stages	Mechanism of Action	Ref.
Sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxides	ART	Artemisia annua L.	P. falciparum and P. vivax	All	Protein metabolism	[50,51,52,53]
	AS	Semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin	P. vivax	All		[50,54,55,56]
	AR		P. falciparum and P. vivax	All		[50,51,57]
	DHA		P. falciparum and P. vivax	All	Not very well known. Probably protein metabolism	[46,51]
4-aminoquinolines	CQ	Synthetic analogue of quinine	P. vivax	Blood stages (trophozoite and schizont)	Digestion of hemoglobin	[50,54,55,56,57,58,59]
	AQ		P. vivax			[50,55,60,61]
	PPQ		P. falciparum and P. vivax		Not very well known. Probably digestion of hemoglobin	[46,56,59,60]
	PY		P. falciparum and P. vivax			[46,51,56,62]
	NQ		P. falciparum and P. vivax			[46,63]
Arylaminoalcohols	QUIN	Cinchona calisaya L.	P. falciparum and P. vivax	Blood stages (trophozoite and gametocytes)	Digestion of hemoglobin	[50,64]
	MQ	Synthetic derivative of quinoline	P. falciparum and P. vivax	Blood stages (trophozoite, schizont and gametocytes)		[50,52,56]
	LR	Synthetic derivative of fluorene	P. falciparum and P. vivax		Not very well known. Probably digestion of hemoglobin	[50,64]
	HF	Synthetic derivative of fluorene	P. falciparum		Digestion of hemoglobin	[65,66]
8-Aminoquinolines	PQ	Synthetic, 8-aminoquinoline derivative	P. vivax		Forms quinoline-quinone metabolites that act as oxidants	[46,67]
	TQ	Synthetic analogue of primaquine	P. vivax and P. falciparum		Interferes with the polymerization of the heme group	[46,60]
Antifolates	PMT	Synthetic derivative of ethyl-pyrimidine	P. falciparum and P. vivax	Blood, liver (schizont) and mosquito (oocysts) stage	Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase enzyme and blocks plasmodium DNA synthesis	[46,68]
	SULF		P. vivax	Blood and liver (schizont) stage	Inhibits parasite dihydropteroate synthetase	[46,69]
	PG	Biguanide	P. falciparum and P. vivax	Blood (gametocyte) and liver (shizont) stages	Inhibits parasite dihydrofolate reductase	[46,50]
Naphthoquinones	ATQ	Synthetic hydroxynaphthoquinone	P. falciparum and P. vivax		Inhibits electron transport in the mitochondria of parasites	[46,58]
Antibiotics	CLI	Semisynthetic of lincomycin	P. falciparum	All blood stages	Inhibits protein synthesis in the Plasmodium apicoplast	[46,70]
	DOX	Semi-synthetic of tetracycline	P. falciparum			[46,64,70]
	TC	Semi-synthetic of chlortetracycline	P. falciparum			[50,70]

Abbreviations: ART—artemisinin; DHA—dihydroartemisinin; AS—artesunate; AR—artemether; CQ—chloroquine; AQ—amodiaquine; PY—pyronaridine; PPQ—piperaquine; NQ—naphthoquine; QUIN—quinine; MQ—mefloquine; HF—halofantrine; LR—lumefantrine; PQ—prima-quine; TQ—tafenoquine; PG—proguanil; PMT—pyrimethamine; SULF—sulfadoxine; ATQ—atovaquone; CLI—clindamycin; DOX—doxycycline; TC—tetracycline.