Table 2.

Basic characteristics of natural polymers.

Polymer	Advantages	Disadvantages	TE	References
Chitosan	biocompatibility bioresorbability physiologically degraded	mechanical properties resistance to enzymatic degradation	skin bone	[44,45,46,47,48,49]
Collagen	biocompatibility bioresorbability cell interaction	mechanical properties rapid degradation immunogenicity	skin bone	[50,51,52,53,54,55,56]
Hyaluronic acid	biocompatibility
	bioresorbability		bone
	enhances cell proliferation	poor cell adhesion	muscle	[57,58,59,60,61,62,63]
	immunosuppressive antioxidative properties
Fibrin	biocompatibility	mechanical properties	skin
	bioresorbability cell interactions common natural protein	scaffold contraction	cardiovascular musculoskeletal nerve	[64,65]
Xanthan gum	biocompatibility	mechanical properties	soft tissues	[66,67,68,69]
	bioresorbability	difficult processing	bone
Dextran	biocompatibility	high cost	skin
	bioresorbability antithrombotic properties easily derived	low availability	vascular	[70,71,72]
Starch	biocompatibility bioresorbability low cost	dimensional stability mechanical properties difficult processing high water uptake	bone	[73,74,75,76,77,78]
Poly (lactic acid)	biocompatibility		cardiovascular
	bioresorbability mechanical strength processability	acidic degradation by-products degradation rate low cell adhesion	bone skin tendon	[79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91]
Polyhydroxybutyrate	biocompatibility	crystallinity	skin	[92]
	bioresorbability natural human metabolite	brittleness hydrophobic thermal stability	bone cardiovascular	[93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100]
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hyxdroxyvalerate)	biocompatibility	fragility
	bioresorbability mechanical properties flexibility	impact resistance hydrophobicity thermal stability	bone cartilage	[101,102,103,104,105,106]