Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in our meta-analysis.
| BMD Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year | Country | Study design | Study population (age in years) | Groups | Number of participants | Bone mineral density mean difference | |
| Coffee | |||||||
| Ye, 2021 [34] | China | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women (47–90) | ≥2 cups/day vs. 0 cups/day | 648 | 0.16 | |
| Hallström, 2010 [35] | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Men and women (72) | >4 cups/day vs. 0–2 cups/day | 717 | 0.02 | |
| Lloyd, 1997 [36] | United States | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal White women (55–70) | ≥5 cups/day vs. 0–2 cups/day | 138 | 0.02 | |
| Tea | |||||||
| Ni, 2021 [37] | China | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women (<80) | Drinkers vs. nondrinkers |
1377 | 0.151 | |
| Li, 2021 [38] | China | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women | Daily drinkers vs. nondrinkers | 947 | 0.027 | |
| Huang, 2018 [39] | China | Prospective cohort | Women (≥40) | ≥7 times/week vs. ≤1 time/week | 1495 | 0.016 | |
| Wang, 2014 [40] | China | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women (62.2519 ± 6.2837) | ≥1 cup/day vs. 0 cup/day | 680 | 0.031 | |
| Devine, 2007 [41] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women (70–85) | ≥5 cups/day vs. 0 cup/day | 1027 | 0.015 | |
| Chen, 2003 [11] | United States | Prospective cohort | Postmenopausal women (50–79) | ≥5 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day | 91,465 | 0.000 | |
| Hegarty, 2000 [42] | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | Postmenopausal women (65–76) | >6 cups/day vs. 0 cup/day |
1256 | 0.048 | |
| Hip Fracture Group | |||||||
| Author, year | Country | Design | Study population (age in years) | Groups | Number of participants | Number of hip fracture cases | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) |
| Coffee | |||||||
| Dai, 2018 [25] | Singapore | Prospective cohort | Men and women (45–74) | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/week | 63,154 | 2502 | 1.32 (1.07–1.63) |
| Hallström, 2014 [23] | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Men (45–79) | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day | 42,978 | 1186 | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
| Hallström, 2013 [17] | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Women (not available) | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day | 61,433 | 3871 | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) |
| van-Lenthe, 2011 [21] | The Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Women (25–74) | ≥3 cups/day vs. 0 cup/day | 16,578 | 192 | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) |
| Trimpou, 2010 [19] | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Men (46–56) | ≥5 cups/day vs. 0 cup/day | 7495 | 451 | 0.55 (0.42–0.73) |
| Meyer, 1997 [14] | Norway | Prospective cohort | Men and women (35–49) | ≥9 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day | 39,787 | 213 | Women: 1.94 (0.96–3.91) Men: 1.04 (0.37–2.94) |
| Hernandez-Avila, 1991 [28] | United States | Prospective cohort | Women (34–59) | ≥4 cups/day vs. individuals who rarely drank coffee | 84,484 | 65 | 3.35 (1.32–8.49) |
| Tea | |||||||
| Dai, 2018 [25] | Singapore | Prospective cohort | Men and women (45–74) | Daily vs. less frequent than weekly |
63,154 | 2502 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) |
| Myers, 2015 [24] | Australia | Prospective cohort | Postmenopausal women (>75) | ≥3 cups/day vs. ≤1 cup/day | 1188 | 129 | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) |
| Chen, 2003 [11] | United States | Prospective cohort | Postmenopausal women (50–79) | ≥5 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day | 91,465 | 386 | 0.93 (0.44–1.98) |
| Hernandez-Avila, 1991 [26] | United States | Prospective cohort | Women (34–59) | ≥2 cups/day vs. individuals who rarely drank tea | 84,484 | 65 | 0.71 (0.29–1.73) |