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The effect of temperature (a) and pH (b) on biofilm formation by B. subtilis spo0A−. The effect of 1 M NaCl on B. subtilis spo0A biofilm growth at pH 7.4 and 37 °C (c). The effect of divalent metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) on biofilm formation by B. subtilis spo0A. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01.
