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. 2023 Jun 16;28(12):4797. doi: 10.3390/molecules28124797

Table 1.

Isoquinoline alkaloids with neuroprotective effects and their neuroprotective mechanisms.

Alkaloid Structure Neuroprotective Mechanism Reference
Papaverine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i001.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; promote neurogenesis; inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation [41,42,43,44,45,46]
Higenamine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i002.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; [47,48,49]
Sinomenine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i003.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; regulating autophagy;
anti-pyroptosis; anti-apoptosis; neuroimmune intervention; inhibition of Ca2+ overload		 [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]
Sanguinarine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i004.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptosis; mitochondrial protection; inhibition of Ca2+ overload [59,60,61,62]
Neferine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i005.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; regulating autophagy; inhibition of Ca2+ overload; mitochondrial protection [63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70]
Stepharine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i006.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptosis; anti-oxidation [71,72,73]
Dauricine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i007.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; acceleration of Aβ protein degradation;
inhibition of ferroptosis; enhance mitochondrial function		 [74,75,76,77,78]
Lycorine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i008.jpg anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; [79,80]
Piperine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i009.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; improve mitochondrial dysfunction;
reduce the toxicity of excitatory amino acids;
up-regulate nerve growth factor		 [81,82,83,84,85,86,87]
Jatrorrhizine graphic file with name molecules-28-04797-i010.jpg anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidation; anti-apoptosis; improve vascular endothelial dysfunction [88,89,90]