Table 2.
Microbubbles targeted with a therapeutic ligand used for therapy.
| Ligand Type | Ligand Species |
Conjugation Chemistry | Microbubble Composition | Ultrasound Parameters | Animal/Disease Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | SDF-1α | EDC/sulfo-NHS | Shell: DSPC, DPPG, PEG4000-COOH Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 1–5 μm Dose: unknown |
f = 4 MHz MI = 1.5 Time = 1.15 min |
Rat/Diabetic nephropathy | [119] |
| GPVI-Fc | Avidin-biotin | MicroMarker™ Shell: Phospholipid Gas: C4F10/N2 Diameter: 2.3–2.9 μm Dose: 2.8 × 108 MBs/kg or 5.3 µL/kg MVD |
f = 24 MHz Time = 2 min |
Mouse/ Atherosclerosis |
[120] | |
| Antibody | Aβ 1-42 | Avidin-biotin | Shell: DSPC, DPPA, PEG4000 Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 2.13 μm Dose: 5.8 × 108 MBs/kg or 2.9 µL/kg MVD |
f = 3 MHz MI = 0.8 PRF = 50 Hz Time = 5 min |
Mouse/Alzheimer’s disease | [20] |
| C4d mAb | Avidin-biotin | Shell: DPPC, DSPE-PEG-2000, -Biotin Gas: C3F8/NO Diameter: 0.96 ± 0.07 μm Dose: 5.8 × 106 MBs/kg or 0.003 µL/kg MVD |
f = 13 MHz MI = 0.33 Time = 5 min |
Rat/Heterotopic Heart transplant | [108] | |
| IL-8 mAb | Avidin-biotin | USphere™ Labeler Shell: Phospholipid Diameter: 1.8 μm Dose: 1.2 × 109 MBs/kg or 3.6 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz MI = 1.5 Power = 5 W Time = 1 min |
Rabbit/ Atherosclerosis |
[121] |
DSPC = 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPG = 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol); DPPA = 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate; PEG4000-COOH = polyethylene glycol-4000-carboxy; DSPE-PEG2000 = 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]; C3F8 = perfluoropropane; C4F10 = perfluorobutane; NO = nitric oxide; MVD = Microbubble Volume Dose; f = frequency; MI = mechanical index; PRF = pulse repetition frequency.