Table 5.
Microbubbles conjugated with targeted drug-loaded carriers used for therapy.
| Carrier | Type of Targeting |
Therapeutic Molecule |
Conjugation Chemistry | Microbubble Composition | Ultrasound Parameters |
Animal/Disease Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles | Magnetic | 5-fluorouracil Rose Bengal |
Avidin-biotin | Shell: DBPC, DSPE-PEG2000, -Biotin Gas: O2 Diameter: 1–2 μm Dose: 7.0 × 109 MBs/kg or 12.3 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz PNP = 0.85 MPa DC = 30% I = 3.5 W/cm2 PRF = 100 Hz Time = 3.5 min |
Mouse/Pancreatic tumor | [106] |
| Magnetic | Doxorubicin | Amide | Shell: DSPC, DSPG DSPE-PEG2000, -Biotin Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 5.4 ± 1.1 μm Dose: 5.7 × 108 MBs/kg or 46.7 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz PNP = 0.3 MPa DC = 30% I = 3.5 W/cm2 PRF = 1 Hz Time = 4 min |
Rat/Glioma tumor | [107] | |
| Magnetic | Gemcitabine Rose Bengal |
Avidin-biotin | Shell: DBPC, DSPE-PEG2000, -Biotin Gas: O2 Diameter: 1.9 ± 0.4 μm Dose: 5.4 × 109 MBs/kg or 19.5 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1.17 MHz PNP = 0.7 MPa DC = 30% Time = 3.5 min |
Mouse/Pancreatic tumor | [135] | |
| Magnetic | Doxorubicin | Electrostatic and hydrophobic |
Shell: DSPC, DSPG DSPE-PEG2000, -Biotin Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 1.04 ± 0.01 μm Dose: 9.7 × 1010 MBs/kg or 56.8 µL/kg MVD |
f = 0.4 MHz PNP = 0.325 MPa Power = 4 W PRF = 1 Hz Time = 1.5 min |
Rat/Glioma tumor | [136] | |
| Magnetic | tPA | Electrostatic | Shell: SDS Gas: Air Diameter: 5.36 ± 1.44 μm Dose: 6.4 × 1010 MBs/kg or 0.50 µL/kg MVD |
f = 18 MHz DC = 10% Time = 5 min |
Mouse/ Thrombolysis |
[137] | |
| Magnetic/ molecular |
RGD | Amide | Shell: PVA Gas: Air Diameter: 1.37 μm Dose: 5.4 × 108 MBs/kg or 0.70 µL/kg MVD |
f = 30 MHz Time = 10 min |
Mouse/Colon cancer | [138] | |
| Liposomes | Magnetic | Doxorubicin | Maleimide | Shell: DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000-SPDP Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 4 μm Dose: 7.0 × 109 MBs/kg or 233 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz DC = 30% I = 2 W/cm2 Time = 2 min |
Mouse/Pancreatic tumor | [139] |
| Molecular: RGD peptide | Paclitaxel | Avidin-biotin | Shell: DSPC, DSPE-PEG2000, -Biotin Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 1.5 μm Dose: 1.1 × 1010 MBs/kg or 17.8 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz DC = 1% PRF = 1 Hz Time = 2 min |
Mouse/Breast cancer |
[140] | |
| Molecular: NGR peptide |
shBirc5 |
Avidin-biotin | Shell: DPPC, Cholesterol DSPE-PEG2000-Biotin Gas: C3F8 Diameter: 2.90 ± 0.38 μm Dose: 2.1 × 1010 MBs/kg or 265.6 µL/kg MVD |
f = 1 MHz DC = 50% Power = 1.84 W Time = 1–5 min |
Rat/Glioma tumor | [141] | |
| Molecular: VEGFR2 Ab |
Irinotecan | Avidin-biotin | MicroMarker™ Shell: Phospholipid Gas: C4F10/N2 Diameter: 1.5 μm Dose: 4.7 × 109 MBs/kg or 8.2 µL/kg MVD |
f = 2.2 MHz PNP = 0.26 MPa PRF = 1 Hz Time = 4 min |
Mouse/Colorectal cancer | [142] | |
| Nanodroplets | Molecular: VEGFR2 Ab |
Combretastatin A4 | Avidin-biotin | Shell: DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000-Biotin Gas: C4F10 Diameter: 2.6 ± 1.5 μm Dose: unknown |
f = 2.2 MHz PNP = 0.26 MPa PRF = 1 Hz Time = 5 s |
Mouse/Colorectal cancer | [143] |
DBPC:1,2-dibehenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSPG: 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol; DSPE-PEG2000: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol) -2000]; DSPC: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; PVA = Poly(vinyl alcohol); DPPC = 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; C3F8 = perfluoropropane; C4F10 = perfluorobutane; O2 = oxygen; MVD = Microbubble Volume Dose; f = frequency; PRF = pulse repetition frequency; I = intensity; DC = duty cycle; PNP = peak negative pressure.