Table 7.

List of plants found in the Indian Himalayan region and their reported antimicrobial bioactive compounds.

Plant Name	Bioactive Compounds	Target Pathogen	References
Abrus precatorius L.	6-propionyloxymethyl-4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavanone	Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli	[223]
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.	Rutin,	Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus	[224]
	quercetin 7-o-β-glucoside,
	kaempferol 3-o-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-glucopyranoside,
	luteolin,
	apigenin 7-o-β-diglucoside,
	poncirin,
	tiliroside
Achillea millefolium L.	Camphor, germacrene-d, (e)-nerolidol, sabinene, (e)-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, 1,8-cineole	Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella agona	[225]
Achyranthes aspera L.	Achyranthine, betaine, betanin, isobetanin	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus	[226]
Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf.	Ethyl acetate fraction	Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus	[227]
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle	6-dehydroacetylsepaconitine,	Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[228]
	13-hydroxylappaconitine, lycoctonine,
	lappaconitine
Acorus calamus L.	Asarone	Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans	[229]
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, kaempferol 3-o-glucoside	Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[230]
Adiantum pedatum	Ethyl and acetone extracts	Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	[231]
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa	Limonene, β-ocimene, germacrene, α-phellandrene	Caenorhabditis elegans	[232]
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.	Ageratochromene, demothoxyageratochromene, β-caryophyllene	Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous	[233]
Ajuga parviflora Benth.	Ajugin A, ajugin B	Citrobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[234]
Allamanda cathartica L.	Silver nanoparticles of flower aqueous extracts	Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[235]
Allium cepa L.	Allicin	Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	[236]
Allium sativum L.	Allicin,	Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, Burkholderia cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium funiculosum, Candida albicans, Helicobacter pylori	[179]
	diallyl sulfide,
	diallyl disulfide,
	diallyl trisulfide,
	e/z-ajoene,
	s-allyl-cysteine,
	s-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide.
Amaranthus caudatus L.	Ferulic acid	Escherichia coli	[145]
Amaranthus viridis L.	Rutin, quercetin, spinosterol, amasterol	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, c, Rhizopus oligosporus, Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium solani	[237]
Amomum subulatum Roxb.	1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene	Aspergillus niger	[238]
Angelica glauca Edgew.	β-phellandrene, (z)-ligustilide methyl octane, limonene, β-phellandrene, β-pinene, (z)-3-butylidene-phthalide, (z)-ligustilide, (e)-ligustilide, citronellyl acetate	Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, Eubacterium limosum, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Candida albicans	[239]
Arctium lappa L.	Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acids	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus	[240]
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M.Johnst.	Shikonin,	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus	[241]
	alkanin hoslundal,
	artemidiol,
	ganoderiol,
	2-hexaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol
Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser	Chrysanthenone, coumarin, camphor	Aspergillus niger	[242]
Artemisia indica Willd.	Isoascaridole, trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, trans-verbenol, artemisia ketone, germacrene B, borneol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, davanone, β-pinene.	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger	[242,243]
Asparagus racemosus Willd.	Catecholic tannin, saponin, gallic tannin	Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[244]
Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl.	Aqueous extract	Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus	[245]
Atropa bella-donna L.	Ethanolic extracts	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	[246]
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.	Luteolin	Staphylococcus aureus, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium acuminatum	[247]
Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Müll.Arg.	Leaf (methanolic and aqueous extract), callus (acetone and ethanolic extract)	Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	[248]
Berberis lyceum Royle	Berberine	Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae	[110]
Bergenia ciliate (Haw.) Sternb.	Pyrogallol,	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Nocardia tenerifensis, Streptomyces sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum	[249]
	rutin,
	morin,
	bergenin,
	catechin,
	gallic acid
Betula utilis D.Don	Geranic acid,	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	[250]
	β-seleneol,
	β-linalool,
	β-sesquiphellendrene,
	champacol,
	1,8-cineol.
Bidens biternate (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff	Methanolic extract	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis	[251]
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.	Lachnophyllum ester, lachnophyllic acid, germacrene d, β-farnesene.	Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger	[252]
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss.	Ethanolic extract	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	[253]
Calendula officinalis L.	Selenium nanoparticles of methanolic extract of flowers	Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Alcaligenes faecalis	[254]
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton	α-amyrin, lupeol acetate, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, stigmasterol, linolenic acid, gombasterol A	Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	[255]
Caltha palustris L.	Methanolic extract	Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris	[256]
Cannabis sativa L.	Cannabidiol (cannabinoids)	Staphylococcus aureus (MDR, MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Cutibacterium acnes, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium	[257]
Cassia fistula L.	Eugenol, phytol, camphor, linonene, salicyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol	Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans	[229]
Cassia tora L.	Elemol, linalool, palmitic acid	Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus	[229]
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don	Wikstromal, matairesinol, dibenzylbutyrolactol, berating, isopimpillin, lignans 1, 4 diaryl butane, benzofuranoid neo lingam, isohemacholone, sesquiterpenes, deodarone, atlantone, deodarin, deodardione, limonenecarboxylic acid, α-himacholone, β-himacholone, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, cedrin (6-methyldihydromyricetin), taxifolin, cedeodarin (6-methyltaxifolin), dihydromyricetin and cedrinoside	Escherichia coli	[258]
Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.	γ-terpinene, p-cymene, carvacrol methyl ether, myristicin, thymol	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata	[259]
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Rutin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside)	Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Paenibacillus apiarius, Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus	[260]
Cichorium intybus L.	Triterpenois, cichoridiol, intybusoloid, lupeol, fridelin, β- sitosterol, sigmasterol, betulinic acid, betunaldehyde, syringic acid, vanilic acid	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus	[260]
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn.	1,8-cineole, α-pinene, α-terpineol, germacrene d-4-ol, α-thujene	Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas salmonicida	[261]
Cissampelos pareira L.	Bis-benzylisoquinoline, benzylisoquinoline, tropoloisoquinoline, aporphine, azafluoranthene, protoberberine	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris	[262]
Convolvulus arvensis L.	Butanolic extract	Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter junii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella paratyphi, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae	[263]
Coriandrum sativum L.	β-linalool (essential oil)	Bacillus subtilis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	[264]
Crocus sativus L.	Crocin, safranal semi-synthetic safranal derivatives	Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli	[265]
Curcuma Longa L.	α-turmerone, β-turmerone, α-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, terpinolene	Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger	[266]
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	cis-3-butyl-4-vinylcyclopentane, limonene, (e)-nerolidol	Aspergillus niger	[267]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	α-citral,	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis	[268]
	β-citral,
	myrcene
Cyperus rotundus L.	α.-pinene, camphene, D-limonene,	Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (ARSA)	[269,270]
	camphenol, p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol,
	thymol, myrtenal, carveol, copaene,
	caryophyllene, naphthalene,
	1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl).
Datura metel L.	Daturaolone	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis	[271]
Datura stramonium L.	Chloroform extracts	Staphylococcus aureus	[272]
Daucus carota L.	Methylisoeugenol	Campylobacter jejuni	[273]
Dioscorea bulbifera L.	Bafoudiosbulbins, 2,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenanthrene	Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[274]
Dodecadenia grandiflora Nees	Germacrene D, furanodiene	Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida	[275]
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.	Hautriwaic acid, dodonoside B, dodonic acid, kaempferol, sakuranetin, dehydrohautriwaic acid, hautriwaic lactone, alizarin, penduletin, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone, isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, donoside a, 5- hydroxy-3,6,7,4′-tetra methoxy flavone	Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis	[276]
Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren	Hydroethanolic extract	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp.	[277]
Equisetum diffusum D. Don	Aqueous extract	Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans	[278]
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.	p-cymene, bornyl acetate, amorph-4-en-7-ol, camphene	Arthrobacter protophormiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Staphylococcus aureus	[233]
Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Euphoheliosnoid E	Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus	[279]
Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f.	Acorenone B, cycloisosativene, β-cedrene, copaene, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstane, palmitic acid	Staphylococcus aureus	[279]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Dillapional	Bacillus subtilis	[280]
Fritillaria roylei Hook.	Peonidin	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria mucosa	[281]
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley	n-octacosan-7β-ol	Leishmania donovani promastigotes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger	[282]
Galium aparine L.	Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, rutin	Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes	[283]
Gentiana kurroo Royle	Flavonoids and phenols	Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter cloacae	[284]
Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet	Leaf extracts conjugated with zinc oxide nanoparticles	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[285]
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis	β-sitosterol, 3-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one, 7-hydroxysitosterol	Bacillus pumilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus	[286]
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.	Methyl salicylate	Staphylococcus aureus	[259]
Hedychium spicatum G.Lodd.	Hedychenone, spicatanol, 6-endo-hydroxycineole	Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[287,288]
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.	Conessine	Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[120]
Hyoscyamus niger L.	Non-alkaloidal seed extract	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus	[289]
Hypericum perforatum L.	Hypericin	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	[290]
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC.	β-caryophyllene, cis-dihydro-mayurone, β-bisabolene, (E)-β-farnesene	Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Xanthomonas phaseoli and Bacillus subtilis	[291]
Inula racemose Hook.f.	Isoalantolactone	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus aureus	[292]
Iris ensata Thunb.	Methanolic extracts	Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli	[293]
Iris kashmiriana Baker	Irigenin, iridin, junipeginin-c,	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[293]
	resveratrol, piecid, resveratroloside,
	isorhamnetin-3-oneohesperidoside
Iris nepalensis D.Don	Methanolic extract	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[294]
Jasminum officinale L.	Ethanolic extract	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	[295]
Juglans regia L.	α-pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene d, limonene, eugenol, methyl salicylate, germacrene d, (e)-β-farnesene	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[296]
Juniperus macropoda Boiss.	Sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, cedrol, β-elemene, trans-sabinene hydrate, α-cubebene, α-thujone, biformene	Candida albicans, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	[297]
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.	β-carotene, 22-deoxocurcubitacin-d, 22-deoxoisocurcubitacin D, avenasterol, codisterol, elesterol, isofucasterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, compesterol, spinasterol, 7-0-glucosyl-6-c-glucoside apigenin, 6-c-glucoside apigenin, 6-cglucoside luteolin, 7,4′-o-diglucosyl- 6-c-glucoside, apigenin	Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida sp., Aspergillus niger	[298]
Lantana camara (Hayek) R.W.Sanders	Germacrene B, β-caryophyllen, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene, β-caryophyllene, zingiberene, γ-curcumene, davanone, (E)-nerolidol	Arthrobacter protophormiae, Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Staphylococcus aureus	[233]
Lavandula stoechas L.	1,8-cineole,	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium	[299]
	fenchone,
	camphor
Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz	Geranial, neral, citronellal, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, methyl chavicol, safrole	Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans	[300]
Lindera pulcherrima (Nees) Benth. ex Hook.f.	Curzerenone, furanodienone	Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica	[275]
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.	Bergenin, mallotophilippinens, rottlerin, and isorottlerin	Bacillus cereus var mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[301,302]
Malva neglecta Wallr.	Hydrotyrosol, coumaroylhexoside, kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside, quercetin-3-o-rutinoside, epicatechin-3-o-(4-o-methyl)-gallate, oleic acid, taurine, ethylene dimercaptan, isoeugenol, patchoulane, methyl 12-methyltetradecanoate, isopropyl myristate	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani	[303]
Marrubium vulgare L.	Methanolic extract	Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans	[304]
Melia azedarach L.	Crude extract	Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri	[305]
Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.	Germacrene d, α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, α-cadinol, (e)-citronellyl tiglate, β-phellandrene	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani	[306,307]
Nepeta cataria L.	Nepetalactone,	Neisseria subflava, Citrobacter freundii, Branhamella ovis, Aeromonas caviae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus	[308,309]
	β-caryophyllene,
	thymol
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC.	β-gurjunene, valerena-4,7(11)-diene (7.1%), nardol a, 1(10)-aristolen-9β-ol, jatamansone	Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans	[310]
Oxalis corniculate L.	Methanolic extract	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei	[311]
Paeonia emodi Royle	Leaf extract nanoparticles	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae	[312]
Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees	1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene	Escherichia coli	[275]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre	Confertifolin, polygodial	Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Epidermophyton floccosum, Curvularia lunata, Scopulariopsis sp., Candida albicans, Candida utilis, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Penicillium marneffei	[313]
Plantago lanceolata L.	Luteolin 7-glucoside, hispidulin 7-glucuronide, luteolin 7-diglucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside, nepetin 7-glucoside and luteolin 6-hydroxy 4′-methoxy 7-galactoside, oleanolic acid, sitosterol acid, 18β-glycyrrhetinic, plantamajoside, verbacoside, 10-hydroxymajoroside, 10-acetoxymajoroside	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae	[314]
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle	Phthalic acid,	Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis	[315,316]
	di-isobutyl ester,
	1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,
	diisooctyl ester,
	polyneuridine,
	podophyllotoxin,
	β-sitosterol
Punica granatum L.	Punicalagin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis	[317]
Prunus domestica L.	Quercetin-3-o-galactoside	Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes	[318]
Rheum emodi Wall.	Emodin, rhein, chrysophanol dimethyl ether, resveratrol, revandchinone-4	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillus sphaericus, Chromobacterium violaceum	[319]
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don	α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, δ-cadinene	Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida pseudotropicalis	[320]
Rumex dentatus L.	Musizin, torachrysone-glucoside, 2-methoxystypandrone	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus	[321]
Salix alba L.	Anthocyanins, p-hydroxybenzoic, gallic acid, gentisic acid, sisymbrifolin, catechol	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus	[322]
Salvia sclarea L.	Essential oil	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis	[323]
Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.	Gold nanoparticles of whole-plant extract	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella enteritidis	[324]
Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip.	Sesquiterpene lactones, zinc oxide nanoparticles of rhizome methanolic extract	Staphylococcus aureus, Sphingobacterium thalpophilum, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingobacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Ochrobactrum sp.	[325]
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne.	Linalyl acetate, linalool, limonene, α-terpineol, geranyl acetate	Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum	[326]
Solanum tuberosum L.	Potide-g, afp-j, potamin-1 or pg-2	Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans	[327]
Sonchus arvensis L.	Phenols and flavonoids	Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus	[328]
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers	Glabradine	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus. mutans, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum	[329]
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.	9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, vanillin, coniferaldehyde, p-methoxyphenylglyoxylic acid	Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus	[330]
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.	Silver nanoparticles of bark extract	Escherichia coli	[331]
Terminalia chebula Retz.	1,2,6-tri-o-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baylyi, Bacillus megaterium	[332,333,334]
Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.	Maaliol, 3-methylvaleric acid, β-gurjunene	Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani	[335]
Verbascum Thapsus L.	1-hexzanol 2-hexene	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium phlei, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	[336]
Viola odorata L.	3-(2′,4′,6′,6′-tetramethylcyclohexa-1′,4′-dienyl) acrylic acid	Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae	[337]
Viscum album L.	Hydroxycinnamic acids	Xanthomonas campestris, Clavibacter michiganensis, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium oxysporum	[338]
Vitex negundo L.	Methanolic extract	Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Aeromonas sp.	[339]