Table 2.
Ions | Function | Mechanism | Methodology | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Silicon ion | Vascularization |
|
Use a novel calcium phosphate cement (CPC) as the basis for a scaffold that combined mesoporous silica (MS) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). | [77] |
Magnesium ion | Vascularization |
|
Fabricated Mg-doped β-TCP (Mg-TCP) scaffolds by 3D printing and sintering, in which MgO was mixed in different ratios. | [78] |
Make Ta-PDA-Mg scaffolds by doping Mg2+ on the surface of 3D printed tantalum scaffolds by using the surface adhesion ability of polydopamine. | [79] | |||
Immunomodulation |
|
Load magnesium ions in the form of Mg-MOF-74 into 3D bioprinted scaffolds to exert anti-inflammatory effects in combination with icariin. | [80] | |
Zinc ions | Antibacterial |
|
Made yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide (3Y-ZrO2) nanopowder into 3Y-ZrO2 ceramic by 3D printing, mold plasticity, and sintering. Then the ISO resin was uniformly coated onto the ceramic. Subsequently, ZnO nanosolution was dropped on this ceramic to finally produce ZnO-ISO bilayer modified ceramics. | [81] |
Copper ion | Vascularization |
|
Prepared a novel metal-organic framework, a β-tricalcium phosphate (Cu-TCPP-TCP) scaffold containing a copper coordinated tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cu-TCPP) nanosheet interfacial structure, by using 3D printing technology. | [82] |
Antibacterial |
|
Used 3D printing technology to prepare nanocomposites of medical grade polyamide 12 (PA12) with copper oxide (cuprous oxide) in different ratios. | [83] | |
Immunomodulation | Inhibit the activation of macrophages and suppress the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors. | Made Cu-BGC scaffolds by incorporating different concentrations of copper (0.781–25 mg/mL) into bioactive microcrystalline glass using 3D printing technology. | [84] | |
Regulation of collagen deposition | Upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) expression and stimulates the expression of SOX-9, which leads to increased levels of COL II and ACAN expression. | Fabricated Cu-BGC scaffolds by doping different concentrations of copper (0.781–25 mg/mL) into bioactive microcrystalline glass with 3D printing technology. | ||
Silver ion | Antibacterial |
|
Silver is mainly used in the form of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Designed a superporous polyacrylamide (PAM)/Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) hydrogel with antibacterial ability by using silver-ethylene interactions and 3D printing technology. |
[85] |