Table 1.
Seroprevalence test method and results for 73 studies. The country of study is also given. Seroprevalence results are given as a percentage of the surveyed population. The studies are ordered by year. Nd = not done. Table S3 summarises the study designs for each paper. Note that antigen names have been taken directly from the published manuscripts for the table below, except for formatting changes, e.g., MSP-119 has been updated to MSP1-19 where necessary.
| Study ID | Country of Study | Method | Antigen | Seroprevalence Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Park 2000 [72] | Korea | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 15% |
| Abu-Zeid 2002 [73] | United Arab Emirates | ELISA | MAP4 | 3.30% |
| Volney 2002 [49] | Guinea | ELISA; IFA | ELISA: CSP; IFA: blood stages |
ELISA: 0–57.4%; IFA: nd |
| Kim 2003 [90] | Korea | ELISA | CSP1, MSP1, AMA1, SERA, EXP1 | 7.2% reacted to at least one antigen |
| Lee 2003 [101] | Korea | ELISA | CSP | 0.9–9.6% across regions |
| Chang 2004 [70] | East Timor | ELISA | CSP, MSP | CSP: 5.7%; MSP: 3.3% |
| Lim 2005 [48] | Korea | ELISA | CSP | 0–10% across regions |
| Curado 2006 [52] | Brazil | ELISA (IgG); IFA (IgM and IgG) | ELISA: CSP; IFA: blood stages |
ELISA: 8.38–34.9% across areas; IFA (IgG): 32.0, 49.0%%, (IgM): 0, 1.93% |
| Arruda 2007 [54] | Brazil | ELISA | CSP | Up to approx. 70% |
| Cerutti Jr 2007 [95] | Brazil | ELISA; IFA | ELISA: CSP; IFA: blood stages |
ELISA: 25.4% VK210, 6.3% VK247, 10.7% Pv-like; IFA: 6.2% IgM, 37.7% IgG |
| Ladeia-Andrade 2007 [53] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1-19 | Dry season: 64.0%; Wet season 69.6% |
| Suárez-Mutis 2007 [113] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 46.90% |
| Gomes 2008 [61] | Brazil | ELISA; IFA | ELISA: CSP; IFA: blood stages |
ELISA: up to 38% IFA: 45% |
| Culleton 2009 [87] | Republic of the Congo | ELISA | CSP, MSP1 | CSP: 6%; MSP: 10% |
| Bousema 2010 [65] | Somalia | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 19.3% reacted to at least one antigen |
| Cook 2010 [91] | Vanuatu | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | MSP1: 6.2, 12.6% AMA1: 10.1, 15.0% |
| Lee 2011 [114] | Korea | IFAT | Whole blood antigen | 2.16% |
| Yildiz Zeyrek 2011 [56] | Turkey | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1-ecto, SERA4, CSP | 79.1% responded to at least one antigen |
| Cook 2012 [81] | Cambodia | ELISA | MSP1-19 | August: 7.9%; November 6.0% |
| Khaireh 2012 [115] | Djibouti | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1 | 17.50% |
| Kim 2012 [116] | Korea | IFAT | Whole blood antigen | 7.24% |
| Zoghi 2012 [55] | Iran | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 0.45–1% across regions and surveys |
| Cho 2013 [66] | Korea | ELISA | CSP | 3.08–50% across regions and years (2010–2011) |
| Rosas-Aguirre 2013 [78] | Peru | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 13.60% |
| Cunha 2014 [117] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 52.5% to at least one antigen |
| Fru-Cho 2014 [71] | Cameroon | Rapid immunochromatographic card assay | CSP, MSP | 1.1% to at least one antigen |
| Hristov 2014 [64] | Brazil | ELISA, Immunochromatographic test (ICT) | ELISA: MSP1-19; ICT: CSP, MSP |
ELISA: 44%; ICT: 38.4% |
| Kim 2014a [68] | Korea | IFAT | blood-stage parasites | 0.94% |
| Kim 2014b [77] | Korea | ELISA | MSP1 | 8.08% |
| Nam 2014 [57] | Korea | Rapid diagnostic test | CSP, MSP1 | CSP: 57.0%; MSP1: 80.2% |
| Ashton 2015 [112] | Ethiopia | ELISA | MSP1, AMA | 11.1% to at least one antigen |
| Lee 2015 [102] | Korea | ELISA | CSP | 6.37% |
| Piperaki 2015 [50] | Greece | ELISA | CSP, MSP1 | 0% local residents; 11.8% immigrants |
| Rosas-Aguirre 2015 [75] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 33.60% |
| Lopez-Perez 2016 [62] | Colombia | ELISA; IFA | ELISA: CSP, MSP1 IFA: blood stage antigens | ELISA: CSP (32.4%), MSP1, (55.9%); IFA: 47.1% |
| Poirier 2016 [97] | Benin | ELISA | CSP1, MSP1 | MSP1: 28.7%, CSP1: 21.6%, both: 15.2% |
| Priest 2016 [86] | Cambodia | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | 4.60% |
| Spring 2016 [89] | Cambodia | ELISA | MSP1 | 73% |
| Wahid 2016 [118] | Pakistan | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 17.6–47.5% across camps |
| Wangroongsarb 2016 [119] | Thailand | ELISA | MSP1-19, MSP2, CSP, AMA | Urban: 3%; Rural: 15% (to at least one antigen) |
| Zakeri 2016 [79] | Iran | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | City: 7%; Village: 13%; (to at least one antigen) |
| Dewasurendra 2017 [80] | Sri Lanka | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 63.8, 65.1% across regions to at least one antigen |
| Ghinai 2017 [120] | Myanmar | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 3.10% |
| Idris 2017 [88] | Vanuatu | ELISA | Crude schizont extract, MSP1-19, AMA1 | up to 40% across antigens and years |
| Niang 2017 [92] | Senegal | ELISA | MSP1 | 58% |
| Rogier 2017 [67] | Mali | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | 17.40% |
| Sáenz 2017 [7] | Ecuador | ELISA; IFAT | ELISA: CSP, MSP1, IFAT: blood stage antigens | ELISA: CSP, 23.08%, MSP1, 27.23%; IFAT: individual Pv results n/a |
| Seol 2017 [121] | Korea | ELISA | GDH | 10.39% |
| Tadesse 2017 [94] | Ethiopia | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 8.5–36.3% across regions and surveys |
| Yalew 2017 [82] | Ethiopia | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | 21.8% (age-adjusted) |
| Kattenberg 2018 [63] | Vietnam | ELISA | MSP1, AMA1 | Mixed models: 24.9% in the final survey; Classification and regression tree method (CART): 34.9% in the final survey |
| Nyunt 2018 [69] | Myanmar | Protein microarray | MSP1-19, AMA1, DBPII | MSP1-19: 31.5%, AMA1: 24.1%, DBPII: 59.3% |
| Pereira 2018 [74] | Brazil | ELISA | CSP | 62% |
| Assefa 2019 [85] | Ethiopia | Multiplex bead assay | MSP-1, AMA1 | 25.00% |
| Feleke 2019 [59] | Ethiopia | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | 50% |
| Keffale 2019 [84] | Ethiopia | ELISA | AMA1 | 13.00% |
| Miguel 2019 [122] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 7.70% |
| Surendra 2019 [103] | Indonesia | ELISA | MSP-1, AMA1 | 1.97% to at least one antigen |
| Costa 2020 [51] | Brazil | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 2010: 93.4%, 2012: 78.3%, 2013: 85.1% |
| Labadie-Bracho 2020 [123] | Suriname | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | Up to approx. 12% across regions |
| Lee 2020 [93] | Korea | Protein array | LSA-N, CSP-VK210, MSP1-19 | 6.7–23.8% (by region and antigen) |
| Lu 2020 [124] | Bangladesh | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1 | 3.10% |
| Seck 2020 [58] | Senegal | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | 0.7% in the total study population; by age group ranged from 0–1.7% |
| Surendra 2020 [76] | Indonesia | Multiplex bead assay | AMA1, MSP1-19, EB, RBP1a, RBP2b | 38.8–46.3% across surveys |
| Chotirat 2021 [9] | Thailand | Multiplex bead assay | 23 proteins | 2.5–16.8% across proteins |
| Edwards 2021 [105] | Myanmar | ELISA | MSP-1, AMA1 | 3–19.5% |
| Lee 2021 [125] | Korea | ELISA | CSP | 2017: 1.62%, 2018: 1.22% |
| Monteiro 2021 [60] | Brazil | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1 | 52.58% |
| O’Flaherty 2021 [83] | Myanmar | ELISA | AMA1 | 28.40% |
| Leonard 2022 [100] | Ethiopia | Multiplex bead assay | AMA1, MSP1, chimeric MSP1 | 39.90% |
| Oviedo 2022 [30] | Haiti | Multiplex bead assay | MSP1-19 | 0.46% |
| San 2022 [126] | Vietnam | ELISA | AMA1, MSP1-19, CSP allelic variant 210, CSP allelic variant 247 | 31.10% |
| Yao 2022 [15] | China-Myanmar border | ELISA | MSP1-19 | 6.12–12.41% by region |