Table 2.

Comprehensive overview of articles about micronutrients and sport performance.

SN	Author	Year	Study Design	Micronutrient	Source of the Micronutrient	Sample Size	Mean Age	Gender	Conclusion
1	Bezuglov E. [47]	2023	Cohort	Vit D	Natural source	68	M = 18.2 ± 1.9 F = 17.3 ± 2.6	M = 23 F = 45	No correlation was found between serum Vit D level and strength, speed characteristics, total testosterone concentration, performance in the 20 m and 30 m sprint, countermovement jump, and broad jump.
2	Pallante P.I. [48]	2023	Clinical trial	Vit D, Mg, and Zn	Natural source	30	F = 18–22	F = 30	No association was found between Mg and Zn intake and PMS. However, lower Vit D intake tended to be associated with presenting PMS in female athletes.
3	Zhang J. [49]	2023	Cross-sectional	B Vits (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12)	Supplement	427	All = 27.65 ± 3.78 M = 27.47 ± 3.87 F = 27.81 ± 3.70	M = 210 F = 217	The supplementation of B vitamins and pectin may be beneficial for exercise performance and post-exercise recovery.
4	Mastali V.P. [50]	2022	Quasi-experimental	Vit D	Supplement	24	Group 1 = 24.33 ± 2.7 Group 2 = 25.83 ± 3.18	M = 24	Short-term Vitamin D supplementation could prevent myocytes and hepatocytes damage induced by EAE.
5	Martínez-Ferrán M. [51]	2022	Double-blind randomized controlled trial	Vit C and Vit E	Supplement	18	Group 1 = 47.90 ± 5.75 Group 2 = 46.76 ± 4.60	M = 18	Vit C and E supplementation did not seem to help with EIMD in endurance-trained individuals.
6	AL-Qurashi T.M. [9]	2022	Experimental trial	Mineral water	Natural source	20	M = 21.7 ± 3.21	M = 20	Rehydration with mineral water such as zamzam is unlikely to impair cardiorespiratory fitness, even with an intake equal to 100% of the loss in body weight.
7	Mesquita E.D.D.L. [10]	2022	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	75	N/A	N/A	Only adolescents with a combination of sports participation and higher serum concentrations of Vit D showed better bone geometry, indicating the relevance of the combination of both factors to bone health.
8	Chen L.-Y. [11]	2022	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement	50	M = 21.14 ± 1.95	M = 50	Vit D may play a significant role in cardiovascular function that influences endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. Vit D deficiency may increase the risk of incident cardiovascular events after acute exhaustive exercise, even in healthy and active adults.
9	Książek A. [13]	2022	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	40	Group 1 = 22.5 ± 2.9 Group 2 = 21.9 ± 3.7	M = 40	There was a significant correlation between Vit D metabolites and handgrip strength and vertical jump variables in indoor players.
10	Sone R. [14]	2022	Experimental trial	Antioxidant	Supplement	7	M = 22.6 ± 1.3	M = 7	Mineral-rich antioxidant supplements did not directly affect oxidative stress markers in the blood but suggested that performance (lactate) and salivary nitric oxide could be improved.
11	Marley A. [16]	2022	Randomized doubled-blind controlled trial	Vit D3	Supplement	27	M = 25 ± 5	M = 27	Supplementing 50,000 IU of Vit D3 per week for six weeks combined with six weeks of SIT may improve markers of aerobic and anaerobic performance in recreational male combat sport athletes.
12	Rockwell M.S. [17]	2022	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	53	M = 19.9 ± 0.4 F = 19.7 ± 0.3	M = 25 F = 28	The bioavailable Vit D concentration was associated with a higher total, ap spine, and hip bone mineral density (bmd), but the total Vit D concentration was not related to total bmd and was negatively associated with ap spine and hip bmd
13	Brzeziański M [17]	2022	Experimental trial	Vit D3	Supplement	25	M = 17.5 ± 0.7	M = 25	Vit D3 supplementation in a dose of 6000 IU/d increased its serum concentration in all the study groups of young athletes, causing the equalization of a suboptimal supply of Vit D3 in the serum. The study was not able to prove the ability of Vit D3 supplemented in the proposed dose to influence IL-6 or CRP concentrations in athletes.
14	de Brito E. [52]	2022	Randomized clinical trial	Vit C and Vit E	Supplement	14	All = 26.2 ± 5	N/A	The association of Vits (C and E) with cryotherapy attenuated the inflammatory response and pain, favoring recovery after an acute resistance exercise session.
15	Şenışık S. [26]	2022	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	256	All = 13.2 ± 2.2	N/A	The frequency of Vit D deficiency and insufficiency is higher in indoor athletes and is especially associated with the risk of bone injuries
16	Most A. [30]	2021	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	112	M = 26.1 ± 5.2	M = 112	Vit D insufficiency was associated with lower maximal aerobic power, as assessed with a standardized exhaustive cycling ergometer test. The Vit D level was the only independent predictor of maximal aerobic power in these athletes, highlighting the impact of Vit D on physical performance. A Vit D level of less than 30 ng/mL should be maintained to ensure optimal physical performance in these athletes.
17	Nikniaz L. [47]	2021	Randomized controlled trial	Vit D	Supplement	40	M = 30.40 ± 4.08	M = 40	Aerobic exercise combined with Vit D supplementation can reduce serum inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory proteins and improve lung function after four weeks of intervention. The combination of aerobic exercise and Vit D supplementation remarkably reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and CC16. Aerobic exercise alone and the combination of aerobic exercise and Vit D supplementation significantly increased FEV1 and FVC.
18	Kawashima I. [53]	2021	Prospective cohort study	Vit D	Supplement	42	M = 20 ± 1	M = 42	Vit D supplementation of 25 μg/day significantly increased the serum Vit D level in elite male collegiate athletes. Vit D supplementation may play a role in maintaining athletes’ body fat percentage under circumstances where sports activity has decreased.
19	Mieszkowski J. [50]	2021	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	32	Group 1 = 20.6 ± 3.3 Group 2= 19.9 ± 1.0	M = 32	Vit D metabolites affect the anaerobic performance and bone turnover markers at rest and after exercise
20	Janssen J.J.E. [54]	2021	Experimental trial	Vit B2	Natural source	31	Group 1 = 24.0 Group 2 = 21.8	F = 31	A single bout of exercise significantly increased egr activity but did not affect egrac values, indicating that a single bout of exercise did not affect Vit B2 status.
21	Ali A. [55]	2021	Clinical trial (crossover study)	Vit C	Natural source (sungold kiwifruit)	10	F = 30.92 ± 7.32	F = 10	Consuming liquid Vit C prior to high-intensity cycling appears to be more effective than eating kiwifruit in ameliorating exercise-induced stress in recreationally active women of reproductive age
22	Valtueña J. [56]	2021	Longitudinal study	Vit D	Natural source and supplement	95	M = 27.3 ± 4.6	M = 95	A positive interaction with supplementation existed in two different directions; outdoor training improves the Vit D status only in supplemented team players, and supplementation has a positive influence on the Vit D status only in individuals with adequate sun exposure. Vit D deficiency might affect team players’ overall health and performance
23	Wilson-Barnes S.L. [57]	2021	Longitudinal study	Vit D	Natural source	50	Group 1 = 20.8 ± 1.9 Group 2 = 24.8 ± 4.2	M = 24 F = 26	Predictors of physical performance were not associated with Vit D status within both groups or during both seasons.
24	Kamińska J. [58]	2021	Randomized controlled trial	(Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, Hco3−, So42−, Cl−, and F−)	Mineral in the fluids	14	F = 21.9 ± 2.3	F = 14	The osmolarity of consumed fluids does not significantly affect the indicators of the water–electrolyte balance and the acid–base balance during exercises; such an effect is only noticeable after consuming an isotonic drink. The degree of mineralization of the water consumed by female field hockey players did not affect the indicators of the water–electrolyte and acid–base balance in the blood and urine.
25	Kawashima I. [53]	2021	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	48	M = 19.8 ± 0.9	M = 48	Vit D is insufficiently widespread among indoor elite athletes, with the majority of them suffering from Vit D deficiency. Outdoor players had a sufficient Vit D level. Vit D insufficiently had significantly higher body fat percentages than sufficient Vit D athletes.
26	Alves J. [59]	2021	Cross-sectional	Antioxidant Vits (Vit C and Vit E)		84	M = 23.2 ± 3.25	M = 84	A maximum incremental test did not produce any changes in plasma Vits in athletes. However, it increased the levels of Vit C in erythrocytes and decreased malondialdehyde values in plasma and Vit E in erythrocytes. The levels of malondialdehyde, Vit C, and Vit E were related to performance parameters.
27	Martusevich A.K. [60]	2021	Randomized controlled trial	Vit-Mineral Complex (Vits C, E, A, D, Group B, Minerals and Trace Elements, Β-Carotene (1.5 Mg), Lutein (4.5 Mg), and L-Carnitine)	Supplement	74	N/A	N/A	The use of an individually prescribed Vit-mineral complex may allow for optimizing the state of the oxidative metabolism of athletes’ blood plasma.
28	Sasaki C.A.L. [61]	2021	Cross sectional	All Micronutrient	Natural Source and Supplement	101	All = 33.32 ± 9.88	M = 82 F = 19	The prevalence of inadequacy for Vit D, calcium, Vit A, thiamine, riboflavin, and zinc was significantly higher in para-athletes. The prevalence of the risk for iron deficiency was recorded in female para-athletes.
29	Marley A. [16]	2021	Single-blind crossover	Vit D3	Supplement	27	M = 24 ± 4	M = 27	Given the endurance adaptations from Vit D supplementation and the importance of endurance for combat performance, recreational combat athletes should supplement at 50,000 IU per week for six weeks. There is no additional benefit of increasing the dose above 50,000 IU Vit D per week.
30	Pilch W. [62]	2020	Randomized control trial	Vit D	Supplement	60	M = 20–24	M = 60	The plasma Vit D level is considered a significant indicator for reducing muscle cell damage induced by eccentric exercise.
31	Crewther B. [63]	2020	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	88	N/A	M = 88	Serum Vit D was a poor predictor of exercise performance, but it did moderate (with cortisol) the testosterone link to muscle power.
32	Shalaby M.N. [64]	2020	Experimental trial	Vit D3	Supplement	20	All = 18.64 ± 0.43	N/A	Vit D supplementation may affect the muscle function and health of the athlete. It is recommended that Vit D levels should be checked on an annual basis in all athletes for their health.
33	Aminaei M. [65]	2020	Quasi-experimental	Vit D and Calcium	Supplement	40	F = 28.1 ± 2.7	F = 40	Eight weeks of TRX training with Vit D and calcium supplementation improved BMI and HDL serum levels. The intensity and duration of training and supplementation probably have positive effects on lipids profiles.
34	Bauer P. [66]	2020	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement	120	M = 26 ± 5	M = 120	Athletes with sufficient Vit D achieved a higher maximum systolic BP and a higher maximum power output. Better performance was recoded among athletes with sufficient Vit D.
35	Molina-López J. [67]	2020	Clinical trial	MultiVit\Mineral; Vit A, Vit E, Vit C, Vit B, Vit B2, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit D, Biotin, Floate, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Iron, Iodine, Cooper, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc	Supplement	26	Group 1 = 22.9 ± 2.7 Group 2 = 20.9 ± 2.8	M = 26	Elite handball athletes showed a different expression profile in reference to key genes implicated in several sports’ performance-related functions compared to the sedentary controls, in addition to the modulation of gene expression after multiVit/mineral supplementation.
36	Krzywański J. [68]	2020	Clinical trial	Vit B12	Injection	243	Group 1 = 23 ± 1 Group 2 = 25 ± 1	N/A	A weak positive correlation between the Vit B12 concentration and Hb and between MCH and Hct were found. Higher values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed after B12 injections in endurance athletes.
37	Sekel N.M. [69]	2020	A quasi-experimental trial	Vit D	Supplement	20	All = 20.25 ± 0.85	M = 7 F = 13	A daily intake of 10,000 IU Vit D was not sufficient to recover the deficiency, while it protected against seasonal declines. An intake of 5000 IU daily was insufficient and failed to attenuate against seasonal decline.
38	Millward D. [70]	2020	Cohort study	Vit D	Supplement	802	M = 18.7 ± 1.2 F = 18.6 ± 1.2	M = 498 F = 305	Correcting low serum Vit D levels reduced the risk of stress fracture.
39	Pradita D.K. [71]	2020	Cross-sectional	Iron	Natural source	70	F = 12–21	F = 70	Significant relationships were observed between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin and muscle mass with bone density in young female athletes.
40	Shafiee S.E. [72]	2020	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement	100	M = 28 ± 6	M = 100	Lower serum concentrations of Vit D are associated with the risk of ACLI in male athletes.
41	Ashtary-Larky D. [73]	2020	Non-randomized crossover design	Vit D	Injection	14	M = 24.3 ± 2.4	M = 14	Among resistance-trained males who suffer from Vit D deficiency, a single injection of Vit D reduced the insulin concentration and blood glucose levels and improved insulin resistance. Single injections of 300,000 IU Vit D had no impact on muscle damage improvement and inflammatory response. Improvement in the Vit D level had no impact on the resting metabolic rate nor inflammatory and cardiovascular biomarkers.
42	Farapti F [74]	2019	Cross-sectional study	Vit E, Vit C, Vit A, Zn, and Cu	Natural source	40	All = 23.08 ± 4.32 M = 22.96 ± 3.98 F = 23.29 ± 5.03	M = 26 F = 14	A low intake of nutrients might deplete the Vit/mineral status, especially in Vit C status among female athletes.
43	Kim D.K. [75]	2019	Retrospective study	Vit D	Natural source	52	M = 23.2 ± 4.5	M = 52	Although Vit D insufficiency was not associated with isokinetic muscle weakness, monitoring its levels is very important for musculoskeletal health; especially, the deficiency was common among elite volleyball players.
44	Bauer P. [76]	2019	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Natural source	50	M = 26 ± 5	M = 50	Vit D insufficiency was associated with a significant increase in central systolic and diastolic blood pressure among elite athletes.
45	Schaad K.A. [77]	2019	Retrospective review of records	Vit D	Natural source	381, 818	All = 18–64	M = 329, 085 F = 52, 733	Individuals living in a northerly latitude might be more prone for Vit D deficiency and at a higher risk for the diagnosis of depression. Vit D status monitoring was very important among military athletes’ members to prevent the risk for depression.
46	Seo M.-W. [78]	2019	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Natural Source and Supplement	47	M = 16.7 ± 0.84	M = 47	Anaerobic capacity was correlated poorly with Vit D status. Mechanisms were not clear for how Vit D influence anaerobic performance. During growth periods, it is important to consider the importance of Vit D regarding health benefits.
47	de Oliveira D.C.X. [28]	2019	Double-blind, controlled clinical trial	Vit C and Vit E	Supplement	21	M = 19.9 ± 0.3	M = 21	Antioxidant supplementation reduced oxidative stress only among young athlete football players. It has no ergogenic aids on muscle damage or muscle soreness due to acute exercise.
48	Higgins M.F. [79]	2019	A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial	Mineral	Deep ocean mineral	9	M = 22 ± 1	M = 9	The deep ocean mineral content of minerals and trace elements had many health recovery benefits for active male soccer players who have a prolonged high-intensity running capacity in thermoneutral environmental conditions.
49	Aydın C.G. [80]	2019	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Natural source and supplement	555	All = 5–52	M = 229 F = 326	Participating athletes’ performance benefited from improving Vit D levels, especially during the winter season.
50	Alkoot M.J. [81]	2019	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Supplement	250	M ≥ 21	M = 250	Vit D deficiency was common among professional athletes. Eight winter weeks of supplementation with cholecalciferol increases Vit D serum levels, but not enough for professional athletes.
51	Michishita R. [82]	2019	Cross-sectional	Sodium, Potassium, and Vit E	Natural source	302	All = 48.4 ± 11.3	M = 64 F = 238	Subjects who do not suffer from hypertension diseases would benefit from the dietary sodium, potassium, and antioxidant Vit intake.
52	Bauer P. [83]	2019	Prospective, non-interventional study	Vit D	Supplement	70	N/A	M = 70	Professional handball athletes suffered from Vit D insufficiency even in summer. Their insufficiency level negatively impacted their physical performance, which is a risk for musculoskeletal injuries and infections.
53	Umarov J. [84]	2019	Prospective, non-interventional, observational	Vit D	N/A	70	N/A	N/A	Vit D insufficiency is common among elite athletes engaged in synchronized swimming and swimmers. It is accompanied by a decrease in ifn-γ, an increase in tnf-α, IL-4, and IL-6 levels, and an elevation of urti morbidity. Seasonal monitoring and correction of the Vit D level for the normalization of the cytokine profile and a decrease in urti morbidity is definitely advised
54	Wrzosek M. [85]	2019	Cross-sectional	Vit D, Calcium	Natural source	593	F = 18–50	F = 593	It is important to educate women about the necessity to provide the body with proper calcium and Vit D intake levels in a diet to avoid health problems, resulting from the deficit of the nutrients.
55	Alimoradi K. [27]	2019	Randomized controlled clinical trial	Vit D	Supplement	70	Group 1 = 24.09 ± 5.06 Group 2 = 22.71 ± 4.07	M = 36 F = 33	Weekly supplementation with 50,000 IU Vit D resulted in a nearly 17 ng/mL increment in circulating calcidiol. This increase was associated with a significant improvement in power leg press and sprint tests in D-supplemented group.
56	Carswell A.T. [86]	2018	Study 1: prospective cohort Study 2: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trail	Vit D	Natural sources	Study 1 = 967	Study 1 = 22 ± 3 Study 2 = 22 ± 3	Study 1: M = 621; F = 364 Study 2: M = 173	The Vit D status was associated with endurance performance but not strength or power in a prospective cohort study. Achieving Vit D sufficiency via safe, simulated summer sunlight or oral Vit D3 supplementation did not improve exercise performance.
57	Jung H.C. [87]	2018	Double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled design	Vit D3	Supplement	Study 2 = 173	All = 20.1 ± 0.15	N/A	Correcting Vit D insufficiency improves some but not all aspects of performance. Thus, the efficacy of Vit D supplementation to enhance performance remains unclear.
58	Orysiak J. [88]	2018	Cross-sectional	Iron, Vit D	Natural source	35	M = 17.2 ± 0.9	M = 50	Vit D insufficiency is highly prevalent in ice hockey players, but the Vit D level was not associated with exercise performance or indices of iron status.
59	Malczewska-Lenczowska J. [89]	2018	Cross-sectional	Iron, Vit D	Natural source	50	F = 20.0 ± 4.4	F = 219	The association between Vit D and iron status in female athletes is complex, and it is challenging to determine which nutrient exerts a stronger influence over the other.
60	Radzhabkadiev R.M. [90]	2018	Cross-sectional	Vit A, B, B1, B2, C	Supplement	18	M = 21.7 ± 0.8 F = 23.1 ± 1.5	M = 92 F = 67	To maintain the optimal Vit status of the athlete’s organism, it was inappropriate to use excessive doses of Vits C (>200–300 mg/day), E (>50 mg TE/day), and A (>1500 μg RE/day).
61	Wei C.-Y. [91]	2017	Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover	Trace element, Deep Ocean Mineral (Dom)	Supplement (dom)	159	Group 1 = 21.2 ± 0.4 Group 2 = 46.8 ± 1.4	M = 21	Minerals and trace elements from deep oceans possess great promise in developing supplements to increase the cerebral hemodynamic response against a physical challenge and during post-exercise recovery for middle-aged men.
62	DiSilvestro R.A. [92]	2017	Randomized controlled trial	Minerals (Iron, Zinc, Copper)	Supplement	21	F = 18–30	F = 76	A combination of micronutrients can improve aerobic exercise performance in one set of circumstances.
63	Wardenaar F. [93]	2017	Cross-sectional	All Vits and minerals	Supplement and Natural Source	26	M = 23.5 ± 11.5 F = 22.0 ± 7.6	M = 327 F = 226	Both users and non-users of nutritional supplements reported inadequate intake of micronutrients. For most micronutrients, the use of nutritional supplements does not completely compensate for intakes below recommendation.
64	Backx E. [94]	2017	A longitudinal study	Vit D	Supplement	553	All = 22 ± 4	M = 22 F = 30	A sufficient Vit D concentration in summer did not guarantee a sufficient status in winter. Coaches and medical professionals should monitor athletes’ Vit D concentration regularly to prevent Vit D deficiency.
65	Owens D.J. [94]	2017	Randomized clinical trial	Vit D	Supplement	52	M = 26 ± 3	M = 46	Frequent low doses of Vit D intake and gradual supplementation withdrawing were more preferable than the opposite.
66	Dahlquist D.T. [95]	2017	Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded, triple-crossover study	Vits D3 and K2	Supplement	46	M = 26.9 ± 6.4	M = 10	Vit D and K2 had no significant impact on hepcidin-25, IL-6, Hb, hematocrit, serum ferritin, or serum iron.
67	Nayir T. [96]	2017	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Natural source	10	N/A	M = 679 F = 447	Vit D insufficiency is common in long-lasting sports.
68	Cheng-Shiun He,. [97]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	Vit K2	Supplement	76	N/A	N/A	Vit K2 supplementation had been reported to improve cardiovascular function in diseased patients.
69	Hildebrand R.A. [98]	2016	Cross-sectional study	Vit D	Serum 25-oh d	1126	All ≥ 18	N/A	Vit D insufficiency and deficiency were common among collegiate athletes, which affect their muscular strength and power. It is important to consider the benefits of Vit D for optimal training to maximize performance, especially in muscular strength anaerobic power exercise.
70	Cassity E.P. [99]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	Vit D	Supplement	113	All ≥ 18	M = 19 F = 13	There was an inverse correlation between BMI and 4000 IU of Vit D supplementation in athletes. Normal-BMI athletes demanded less than the upper limit of Vit D supplementation to sustain sufficient Vit D status. High-bone-turnover athletes lost a significant amount of Vit D during training.
71	Darr R.L. [100]	2016	Double blinded, randomized clinical trial	Vit D3	Supplement	32	Group 1 = 42.0 ± 10.7 Group 2 = 36.4 ± 6.9	M = 13	Vit D supplementation post-low or -moderate exercise but not resistance exercise enhances IGFBP3, which promotes the delivery of IGF1 to tissues.
72	Krzywanski J. [101]	2016	Retrospective	Vite D	Sun Exposure and Supplement	13	N/A	M = 228 F = 181	Polish elite athletes suffer from an insufficient Vit D status that affecst their health and performance negatively, especially among indoor sports. Hence, it is recommended to be exposed to sunlight combined with an oral Vit D supplement.
73	Capó X. [102]	2016	Controlled clinical trial	Vit E	Beverage supplementation	409	Group 1 = 22.8 ± 3.8 Group 2 = 45.6 ± 1.6	M = 10	To improve the pro-inflammatory circulating in young athletes, functional beverage supplementation is recommended during exercise.
74	Backx E.M.P. [103]	2016	Randomized, double blind, dose-response study	Vit D	Supplement	10	All = 8–32	M = 54 F = 48	Intake of 2200 IU/day of Vit D can recover the deficiency among athletes.
75	Todd J. [104]	2016	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement	128	All = 25 ± 5	M = 46 F = 46	Irish athletes recovered from Vit D insufficiency due to supplementation program-targeted elite sports.
76	Maruyama-Nagao A. [105]	2016	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Sunlight exposure	92	F = 20–22	F = 30	Vit D insufficiency is common among indoor sports athletes compared to outdoor sports athletes, mostly during winter, which could influence bone mineralization over the three months.
77	Wyon M.A. [106]	2016	Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial	Vits D3 and K2	Supplement	30	Group 1 = 29.6 ± 10.6 Group 2 = 26.6 ± 7.4	M = 22	Among elite indoor athletes who suffer from insufficient Vit D, a shot of 150,000 IU showed a favorable impact on muscle function and Vit D level.
78	Keen D.A. [107]	2016	Randomized experimental study	Multimineral	Deep ocean mineral water (dom)	22	All = 23  ±  1.2	N/A	The intake of kona showed a positive impact on exercise performance, especially when consumed during the recovery strategy of rehydration and post-exercise.
79	Veskoukis A.S. [108]	2016	A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial	Vit C	Supplement	8	M = 21.1 ± 3.1	M = 30	The intake of Vit C at rest showed a positive effect on reducing the oxidative stress, enhancing the antioxidant capacity, and altering the redox state and inflammation biomarkers.
80	Heffler E. [109]	2016	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement and Natural source	30	All = 13–25	M = 24 F = 13	Vit D deficiency negatively affected athletic performance by altering calcium homeostasis among young athletes who lived above the 40th parallel north.
81	Kaul A. [110]	2016	Cohort	Vit D	Natural source	37	All = 20–79	M = 677 F = 700	Vit D levels correlated positively with physical performance among healthy subjects.
82	He C.-S. [111]	2016	N/A	Vit D	N/A	1377	N/A	N/A	Sunlight exposure in the summer combined with everyday supplementation of 1000 iu in the winter is the practical proposal to achieve Vit D sufficiency.
83	He C.-S. [111]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	Vit D3	Supplement	N/A	M = 20.4 ± 1.9	M = 39	To improve respiratory infections resistance, it is recommended that athletes consume a daily dose of 5000 IU Vit D supplement by monitoring the expression of sIgA and Cathelicidins.
84	Chenoweth L.M. [112]	2015	Randomized, single-blinded, crossover design study	Vit C, Vit E, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, and Manganese	Supplement	39	All = 22 ± 1	M = 5 F = 5	Among subjects who do not eat enough servings of fruits and vegetables, the intake of Vits and minerals supplements during exercise increased TAS, improved resting expiratory flow rates, and reduced EFL during exercise.
85	Caruana H. [113]	2015	Cross-over study	Vit C	Supplement	10	M = 21.1 ± 0.84	M = 10	In young men, hyperemia post-strenuous muscle contraction is reduced by ROS.
86	Fitzgerald J.S. [114]	2015	A cross-sectional design	Vit D	Serum level	10	M = 20.1 ± 1.5	M = 53	Among young male ice hockey players, the Vit D level was positively associated with the strength of the upper body but not the lower body force or the production of power.
87	Veasey R.C. [115]	2015	Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, balanced cross-over study	Vit D	Supplement	53	M = 21.4 ± 3.0	M = 40	Pre-moderate intensity exercise and the intake of Vit and mineral complex supplements with guarana promote memory performance in active males.
88	Price O.J. [116]	2015	Single-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Vit D	Supplement	40	All = 35 ± 8	M = 9 F = 1	Vit D and omega-3 PUFA supplementation does not ease the reduction in lung function post-EVH.
89	Allison R.J. [117]	2015	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement and Natural source	10	Group 1 = 23.9 ± 5.0 Group 2 = 23.9 ± 4.4 Group 3 = 24.6 ± 4.6 Group 4 = 25.2 ± 4.6	M = 950	Among male athletes, no association was found between Vit D and BMD and T-score.
90	Allison R.J. [118]	2015	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	950	Group 1 = 21.7 ± 4.8 Group 2 = 22.3 ± 5.2 Group 3 = 24.0 ± 5.5 Group 4 = 23.3 ± 5.3	M = 750	Severe Vit D-deficient athletes show significantly fewer cardiac structural parameters than insufficient and sufficient athletes.
91	Heller J.E. [119]	2015	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplement and natural source	750	All = 20.7 ± 1.6	M = 24 F = 18	Athletes with a large body size and/or excess adiposity may be at a higher risk for Vit D insufficiency and deficiency.
92	Popovic L.M. [120]	2015	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	42	Group 1 = 22.5 ± 1.5 Group 2 = 24.5 ± 2.5	M = 60	Vit C supplementation can suppress the lipid peroxidation process during exercise but cannot affect the neutrophil inflammatory response in either exercise group.
93	Turchaninov D.V. [121]	2015	Clinical trial	N/A	Fortified fermented milk product	60	All = 12–17	N/A	It is recommended among sport-active adolescents to improve their intake with the dairy products “bifidin” and “prolacta” hypoVitosis and micro-elementoses.
94	Díaz V. [122]	2015	Clinical trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	94	M = 26.9 ± 6.7	M = 10	Intakes of 500 mg/day Vit C and 400 IU/day Vit E for 28 days had no effect on the hepcidin level due to inflammatory and iron signals.
95	Theodorou A.A. [123]	2014	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	10	Group 1 = 2.6 ± 0.9 Group 2 = 22.8 ± 1.1	M = 20	Oxidative stress is decreased post-exercise, while it is increased with antioxidant stimulus exposure.
96	Fitzgerald J.S. [124]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	20	M = 20.1 ± 1.5	M = 53	Throughout the skate treadmill gxt, the level of Vit D was not significantly assoiciated with any physiological or physical parameter.
97	Karakilcik A.Z. [125]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vit C	Supplement	52	M = 23.50 ± 0.59	M = 22	In young soccer players, the intake of Vit C combined with exercise decreases TBARS-levels and may affect the values of PLT, MPV, PCT, and RDW.
98	Koundourakis N.E. [126]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vit D	N/A	22	M = 25.6 ± 6.2	M = 67	The concentration of Vit D was significantly associated with the pre- and post-experimental performance parameters.
99	Aguiló A. [127]	2014	Double-blinded study	Vit C	Supplement	67	Group 1 = 39.5 ± 5.6 Group 2 = 37.2 ± 5.4	M = 31	In non-exhaustive exercise, the intake of 250 mg Vit C twice a day for 15 days had no impact on IL-6 and IL-10, while it increased the production of IL-6 and IL-10 during the 2 h post-exercise recovery.
100	Shanely R.A. [128]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Supplementation with Portobello Mushroom Powder	31	Group 1 = 15.9 ± 0.29 Group 2 = 16.6 ± 0.23	M = 33	Among high school athletes, the intake of 600 IU/day of Vit D raised the Vit D level without any impact on muscular function or damage post-exercise.
101	Beketova N.A. [129]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vits A, E, C, B2, and Beta-Carotene	Supplement	33	Group 1 = 18.5 ± 0.3 Group 2 = 26.8 ± 0.7	N/A	It is important to enrich all athletes’ diets with supplements, considering age and gender variation.
102	Soria M. [130]	2014	Prospective, simple blind, placebo-controlled trial	Sulfur	Sulfurous mineral water (smw)	169	M = 27.3 ± 4.1	M = 30	To prevent muscle damage post-exercise, it is recommended to intake smw supplements for 3 weeks.
103	Barker T. [131]	2014	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	30	N/A	M = 13	Vit D sufficiency increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine response to muscular injury.
104	Nieman D.C. [132]	2013	Double-blind experimental design	Vit D2	Supplement and natural source	13	Group 1 = 27.3 ± 0.9 Group 2 = 27.1 ± 1.5	N/A	In crew athletes, the intake of 3800 iu/day for 6 weeks of Vit D increased the Vit D level significantly, with no impact on muscle function tests post-eccentric exercise.
105	Barker T. [133]	2013	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design	Vit D	Supplement	28	Group 1 = 31.0 ± 5 Group 2 = 30.0 ± 6	M = 28	To promote skeletal muscle strength recovery, Vit D supplement intake is recommended, especially after intense exercise in physically active adults.
106	He C.-S. [134]	2013	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	28	All = 21 ± 3	M = 184 F = 83	A low Vit D level was associated with lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes and lymphocytes. Low Vit D levels increase the risk of systemic immunity in endurance athletes.
107	Askari G. [135]	2013	Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	225	M = 21.0 ± 1.6	M = 60	Quercetin and Vit C supplementation may not be beneficial in lipid profile improvement, although it may reduce induced muscle damage and the body fat percentage.
108	Taghiyar M. [136]	2013	Randomized, double-blind clinical trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	60	Group 1 = 31.3 ± 1.8 Group 2 = 38.5 ± 1.6 Group 3 = 33.9 ± 1.5 Group 4 = 38.1 ± 1.4	F = 64	Vits C and E supplementation can be beneficial in reducing muscle damage indices during aerobic exercises.
109	Magee P.J. [137]	2013	Observational study	Vit D	Supplement	64	All ≥ 18	M = 84	Vit D supplement is recommended during the winter and early spring months to overcome insufficiency in athletes.
110	Peeling P. [138]	2013	Cross-sectional	Vit D	Natural source	84	All = 16 ± 4	M = 43 F = 29	Vit D deficiency is common among athletes; hence, coaches are encouraged to recommend a stretching warm-up routine in an outdoor setting during the winter season specifically.
111	Sureda A. [139]	2013	Randomized, double blind clinical trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	72	Group 1 = 32.7 ± 9.2 Group 2 = 36.4 ± 9.7	M = 14	Neutrophils protein oxidation-induced exercise is reduced due to Vit E and Vit C antioxidant supplement intake proteins. Vit E and Vit C intake did not alter the adaptive response of the antioxidant and increased the gene expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
112	Garelnabi M. [140]	2012	Randomized clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	14	M = 32.4 ± 8.7 F = 34.2 ± 10.0	M = 195 F = 260	Vit E had no impacts on exercise oxidative stress and inflammation.
113	Spradley B.D. [141]	2012	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design	B Vits	Supplement	60	M = 28 ± 5	M = 12	The performance reaction and endurance of lower body muscles are enhanced significantly after consuming supplements pre-strenuous exercise. Moreover, spare energy and reduced fatigue delay fatigue.
114	Czaja J. [142]	2011	Clinical trial	Magnesium and B6	Supplement	12			Supplementation food with magnesium is recommended
115	Patlar S. [143]	2011	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	NR	M = 22.1 ± 0.5	M = 7	There is a significant interference of mineral and electrolyte metabolism due to the intake of Vit E in elite athletes.
116	Halliday T.M. [144]	2011	Clinical trial	Vit D	Natural source	7	M = 20.1 ± 1.9 F = 19.9 ± 1.5	M = 18 F = 23	Among university athletes, the intake of Vit D decreases the risk of frequent illness.
117	Abolghasem R. [145]	2011	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	41	N/A	N/A	The level of serum CPK decreased significantly with the Vit C intake.
118	Louis J. [146]	2010	Clinical trial	Vit-Mineral Complexes	Supplement	N/A	Group 1 = 50.8 ± 6.5 Group 2 = 47.7 ± 6.3	N/A	Micronutrient supplements decrease muscle inflammation, which improves strength training.
119	Chatterjee P. [147]	2010	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	20	F = 21–25	F = 25	Among inactive women and during phases of the menstrual cycle, the intake of 400 mg/day for 1 week of a Vit E supplement improved VO2max, maximum voluntary ventilation, oxygen pulse, and endurance capacity. Vit E supplementation should be considered to improve the endurance performance of females.
120	Fage N. [148]	2010	Clinical trial	Vit D	Supplement	25	All = 40.6 ± 12.1	M = 15 F = 5	During anaerobic metabolism, there was no association between Vit D serum status and MAV.
121	Zaǐtseva I.P. [149]	2010	Clinical trial	Vit–Mineral Complexes	Supplement	20	All = 18–22	N/A	A higher dose of minerals decreased the absorption percentage of iron, copper, and magnesium and increased fecal and urinary ME excretion.
122	Dalbo V.J. [150]	2010	Double-blind, randomized crossover design	Mineral Antioxidant Complex (Mac)	Supplement	49	M = 23.6 ± 3.7	M = 15	The performance of aerobic exercise and the lactate response did not differ due to the mineral antioxidants’ complex intake.
123	Karandish M. [151]	2008	Double blind, randomized controlled trial	Vit C	Supplement	15	F = 20–33	F = 49	Among healthy young women who engage in moderate-intensity exercise, the intake of 500 mg/day for two weeks of a Vit C supplement had no impact on oxidative stress markers.
124	Al-Khalidi M.J.M. [152]	2009	Clinical trial	Vit D3	Supplement	219	N/A	F = 18	The biomechanical variables studied helped the researchers to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the sample in the skill of spike. Applications of resistance exercises of all types with the aids with doses of Vit D had the effect of improving the performance of the skill of spike.
125	Sureda A. [153]	2008	Randomized clinical trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	49	M = 32–36	M = 14	A moderate amount of Vits antioxidants supplements reduced oxidative damage due toexercise and lipid peroxidation due to intense exercise and maintained the exercise cellular adaptation.
126	Nakhostin-Roohi B. [154]	2008	Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Vit C	Supplement	14	Group 1 = 21.5 ± 0.8 Group 2 = 22.1 ± 0.6	M = 16	The intake of Vit C prevented muscle damage and lipid peroxidation post-endurance exercise but had no impact on inflammatory markers.
127	Cholewa J. [155]	2008	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	16	All = 23.9 ± 2.6	N/A	Among basketball players, the levels of blood antioxidants and VO2max were not affected by the intake of a Vit C supplement.
128	Machefer G. [156]	2007	Cross-sectional	Antioxidant Vits (A-Tocopherol, Vc, Β-Carotene, Retinol)	Natural source	21	M = 41.4 ± 1.8	M = 19	Among ultra-endurance athletes, a low intake of antioxidant Vit led to insufficient energy intake.
129	Disilvestro R.A. [42]	2007	Clinical trial	Vit D, Calcium	Supplement	19	F = 18–24	F = 24	To improve bone health among young adult women, it is recommended to consider exercise along with the intake of micronutrients.
130	Gaeini A.A. [44]	2006	Randomized controlled trial	Vit E	Supplement	24	N/A	M = 20	Student athletes’ performance was not affected by Vit E supplementation.
131	Johnston C.S. [157]	2006	Preliminary study	Vit C	Natural source	20	All = 18–38	N/A	Fatigue might be reflected due to fat oxidation inhibition, which is related to a low Vit C status during submaximal exercise.
132	Davison G. [158]	2006	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	78	M = 26 ± 2	M = 9	Post-endurance exercise neutrophil depression was not prevented by the intake of Vit C supplements when consumed for 2 weeks.
133	Fischer C.P. [159]	2006	Randomized controlled trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	9	Group 1 = 25.6 Group 2 = 22.3 Group 3 = 24.1	M = 21	During an acute exercise program, the intake of Vit E and Vit C for 28 days suppressed the heat shock protein.
134	Machefer G. [160]	2006	Cross-sectional	Vit E, Vit C, Beta Caroten, Retinol	Natural source	21	All = 41.4 ± 1.8	N/A	Athletes suffered from an inadequate intake of antioxidant Vits.
135	Bryer S.C. [161]	2006	Randomized control trial	Vit C	Supplement	19	Group 1 = 24.4 ± 1.7 Group 2 = 21.4 ± 0.8	M = 18	The intake of Vit C before exercise would inhibit muscle stress, postpone creatine kinase release, and suppress the oxidation of bloodglutathione, with a minor impact on the loss of muscle function.
136	Fry A.C. [162]	2006	Randomized control trial	Vits (A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B5, B9, B12, Biotin, C, D, E) Minirals (Calcium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium Selenium, Sodium, Zinc)	Supplement and natural source	18	Group 1 = 25 ± 4 Group 2 = 23 ± 2	M = 14	The performance post-short-term anaerobic exercise is enhanced by the intake of a micronutrients supplement, but not in well-trained individuals consuming an adequate diet.
137	Senturk U.K. [163]	2005	Clinical trial	Vits (C, E, A)	Supplement	14	Group 1 = 20.6 ± 0.33 Group 2 = 19.8 ± 0.44	M = 18	In relation to a series of exhausting exercises, the risk of hemorheological and exercise-induced death would be prevented by antioxidant Vit treatment.
138	Davison G. [164]	2005	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	18	M = 25 ± 2	M = 6	In prolonged exercise, high doses of Vit C with or without carbohydrates were traced to a minor impact on the hormonal, interleukin-6, or immune response.
139	Herrmann M. [165]	2005	Case-control	Vit B12, Folate	Natural source	6	Group 1 = 38 ± 7 Group 2 = 38 ± 9	N/A	Among recreational athletes, mma (methylmalonic acid) was not associated with Vit B12 metabolism.
140	Rousseau A.-S. [166]	2004	Cross-sectional study	Vits (E, C), B-Carotene, Carotenoids	Natural source	118	All = 26.8 ± 6.8	M = 84 F = 34	Carotenoids as exogenous antioxidants have important protective roles and should be considered by athletes.
141	Cui J.-H. [167]	2004	Randomized control trial	Vit Tablet	Supplement	118	N/A	M = 40	To delay sport fatigue and lipid peroxidation after hypoxia condition exercise, it is recommended to consume acetazolamide, highland-Vit-tablets, and redbull beverages.
142	Viitala P.E. [168]	2004	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	40	Group 1 = 23.3 ± 3.8 Group 2 = 24.2 ± 3.7	M = 15 F = 12	No significant difference between Vit E supplements and placebo in reducing oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation measures between the trained and untrained groups.
143	Thompson D. [169]	2004	Experimental design	Vit C	Supplement	27	Group 1 = 25.3 ± 1.4 Group 2 = 22.6 ± 1.7	M = 14	The intake of a Vit C supplement post-eccentric exercise has no impact on the interleukin-6 level.
144	McAnulty S.R. [170]	2004	Randomized, double-blind, crossover design	Vit C, Polyphenols	Vit C: supplement, polyphenols: natural source	14	M = 23.8 ± 2.5	M = 9	Blueberries supplement increases the level of rooh but not the f2-isoprostane level more than Vit C.
145	Avery N.G. [171]	2003	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	9	N/A	M = 18	The intake of Vit E supplement post-resistance concentric/eccentric exercise did not prevent oxidative stress, membrane damage, and low performance.
146	Bryant R.J. [172]	2003	Clinical trial	Vitc, Vit E	Supplement	18	M = 22.3 ± 2	M = 7	The intake of Vit E (400 IU/day) decreases the tissue damage but not the performance more than Vit C. To prevent the damage effect of exercise, it is recommended that athletes consume Vit E and Vit C via their diet.
147	Tauler P. [173]	2003	Experimental study	Vits (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, Niacin, Folic Acid) and Minerals (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, and Iodine).	Vit C: supplement; dietary intake for all micronutrients	7	Group 1 = 25.0 ± 1.5 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 1.1	M = 16	The excessive antioxidant nutrients’ intake, which contains Vit C, increases ascorbate in order to prevent negative impacts on rbc and body tissue due to post-exercise oxidative stress.
148	Schneider M. [174]	2003	Placebo controlled, cross-over	Vit E, Vit C	Supplement and natural source	16	M = 26.5 ± 0.9	M = 13	With moderate oxidative stress, Vit E supplement intake would not be able to enhance the level of Vit C.
149	Sacheck J.M. [175]	2003	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	13	Group 1 = 26.4 ± 3.3 Group 2 = 71.1 ± 4.0	M = 32	Vit E supplement would prevent the oxidative stress due to eccentric exercise.
150	König D. [176]	2003	Cross-sectional	B12, Folate	Blood sample	32	M = 27.1 ± 5.3	M = 39	High leveld of plasma folate among athletes decrease hcy levels due to the highest training volume.
151	Mel’nikov A.A. [177]	2003				39
152	Thompson D. [178]	2003	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	NR	Group 1 = 23.6 ± 1.4 Group 2 = 24.3 ± 1.7	M = 16	The immediate intake of Vit C post-exercise is not proper for promoting recovery.
153	Tauler P. [179]	2002	Clinical trial	Vit E, Vit C, and Beta-Carotene	Supplement	16	All = 23.3 ± 2.0	N/A	The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzymes in neutrophils is enhanced by antioxidant supplementation.
154	Childs A. [180]	2001	Double-blind, placebo-controlled	Vit C	Supplement	20	M = 24.4 6 3.6	M = 14	The immediate intake of Vit C and NAC supplement after injury would have a negative effect on tissue damage and oxidative stress.
155	Krause R. [181]	2001	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	14	M = 29 ± 3	M = 10	Post-strenuous exercise, neutrophil dysfunction is corrected due to the intake of Vit C supplement.
156	Thompson D. [182]	2001	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	10	Group 1 = 23 ± 2 Group 2 = 25 ± 2	M = 16	Long-term Vit C supplement intake would have a reasonable and beneficial impact on the recovery phase due to the unusual exercise protocol.
157	Akova B. [183]	2001	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	16	Group 1 = 26 ± 6 Group 2 = 27 ± 8	F = 18	Oestradiol protects from oxidative injury, more so than Vit E. Both had no impact on exhausted muscle performance.
158	Petersen E. [184]	2001	Clinical trial	Vit C, Vit E	Supplement	18	Group 1 = 28 Group 2 = 26	M = 20	The level of Vit C and Vit E is raised significantly due to the supplements intake, although its level does not affect the immune indicators of cytokine, lymphocyte responses, or muscle enzymes due to exercise.
159	Sacheck J.M. [185]	2000	Experimental	Vit E, Vit C, Beta Carotene	Natural source	20	F = 18–25	F = 22	Vit E intake, even not from supplements, would be sufficient to protect from the oxidative stress which is yielded due to the moderate-intensity exercise.
160	Kawai Y. [186]	2000	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	22	F = 21.2 ± 0.5	F = 10	The priority of Vit E intake is RBC protection against oxidative damage. The sufficiency level of serum Vit E promotes its shifting from the serum to a steady RBC-α-tocopherol level due to exercise.
161	Chung T.-W. [187]	2000	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement from fruit	10	N/A	M = 20	A minor increase in the antioxidant level when athletes consume 500 mg of Vit C from fruits during moderate/high-intensity endurance training; however, it did not balance the oxidative stress. Athletes who engage in long-term endurance-training would benefit from Vit C extracted from fruit.
162	Beshgetoor D. [188]	2000	Prospective, observational study	Calcium	Natural source	20	F = 49.6 ± 7.9	F = 30	No significant interaction effect of the sport and dietary calcium intake was noted for bmd at any site.
163	Monnat A. [189]	2000		N/A	N/A	30	N/A	N/A	N/A
164	Sürmen-Gür E. [190]	1999	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	N/A	M = 12–24	M = 36	Vit E supplementation had an insufficient impact on plasma lipid peroxidation after exercise.
165	Krumbach C.J. [191]	1999	Cross-sectional	Multi-Vits + Minerals	Supplement and natural source	36	All ≥ 19	M = 266 F = 145	Calcium and iron supplementation are commonly consumed by females, while males consume Vit B12 and Vit A supplements. There were some variations in the Vit/mineral supplement habits of the athletes by gender, ethnicity, and sport.
166	Virk R.S. [192]	1999	Nonrandomized clinical trial	Vit B6	Supplement	411	N/A	M = 11	Through intensive endurance exercise, Vit B6 supplementation can alter plasma FFA and amino acid levels.
167	Savino F. [193]	1999	Comparative study	Vits	Supplement	11	Group 1 = 6–12 Group 2 = 9	N/A	Subjects who are at risk of Vit deficiency or highly demanding would benefit from supplements intake.
168	Rourke K.M. [194]	1998	Double-blind clinical trial	Calcium	Supplement	40	F= 18–22 Year	F = 30	Higher calcium intakes promote some benefit to bone mineral density.
169	Alessio H.M. [195]	1997	Clinical trial	Vit C	Supplement	30	M = 33.0 ± 2.6	M = 9	Vit C supplementation for 1 day/2 weeks reduces the oxidative stress induced by exercise.
170	Oostenbrug G.S. [196]	1997	Double-blind randomized	Vit E	Supplement	9	M = 19–42	M = 24	Endurance performance is not improved by fish oil supplements. Due to the increase in oxidative stress post-endurance exercise, fish oil may act as an antioxidant.
171	Hartmann A. [197]	1995	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	10	M = 29–34	M = 8	Vit E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage and indicates that dna breakage occurs in WBC after exhaustive exercise as a consequence of oxidative stress
172	Sobal J. [198]	1994	Cross-sectional	MultiVites + Minerals	Supplement and natural source	8	N/A	N/A	Supplement use by these adolescents appears to be motivated more by health reasons than by sports performance. It is suggested that it may be useful to assess Vit/mineral supplement use by adolescents and to provide education and counseling about diet, nutrition, and exercise for those who use them as ergogenic aids to improve athletic performance.
173	Men’shikov I.V. [199]	1994	Comparative study	Vit E	Supplement	742	N/A	N/A	The use of Vit E resulted in a decrease in the energy value of exercises performed by the athletes under normo- and hyperthermic conditions as well as changes in blood and erythrocyte membrane lipid composition and blood calcium ion concentration.
174	Rokitzki L. [200]	1994	Cross-section	Vit B6	Supplement	N/A	Bodybuilding = 25.3 ± 6.4 Wrestling = 20.6 ± 2.7 Basketball = 26.1 ± 4.7 Soccer = 23.5 + 2.8 Handball = 23.8 ± 7.9	M = 45 F = 12	Athletes’ Vit B6 level is not yet assessed due to the absence of generally valid reference values.
175	Rokitzki L. [201]	1994	Clinical trial	Vit B6	Supplement	57	M = 35.6 ± 9.8	M = 13	With a balanced diet, the intake of exogenous Vit B6 is not necessary.
176	Rokitzki L. [202]	1994	Cross-section	ViteB2	Supplement	13	N/A	Athletes Group: M = 50 F = 12	B2 Vit is favored among performance athletes.
177	Lorino A.M. [203]	1994	Single-blind crossover	Vit E	Supplement	78	M = 22.0 ± 1.0	M = 7	Vit E intake did not reduce the lung clearance exercise-induced increase.
178	Jakemanl P. [204]	1993	Double-blind clinical trial	Vit E and Vit C	Supplement	7	All = 19.6	M = 16 F = 8	There was a reduction in the loss of contractile function post-eccentric exercise and in the first 24 h of recovery in the group supplemented with Vit C but not Vit E. Prior supplementation with Vit C can attenuate eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. It is proposed that the effect of Vit C supplementation on contractile function, particularly LFF, could be to protect vital cell structures such as the SR from oxidative stress and free radical injury.
179	Nasolodin V.V. [205]	1993	N/A	Vit C, Vit P, and Vit Complex (Ascorutine, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine, Cyan Cobalamin, Folic Acid)	N/A	24	N/A	N/A	The metabolism of iron, copper, and manganese is affected by the intake of Vit c or Vit complex (ascorutine, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyan cobalamin, folic acid).
180	Bazzarre T.L. [206]	1993	Cross-sectional	Vit-Mineral Supplement	Supplement	N/A	N/A	N/A	Subjects who intake supplements might reflect healthy lifestyle practices.
181	Klausen T. [207]	1993	Cross-sectional	Vit D and Calcium	Natural source	91	M = 41–50	M = 9	Endurance training impacts the plasma Vit D level and pth.
182	Fogelholm M. [208]	1993	Clinical trial	B-Complex	Supplement	9	All = 18–32	M = 24 F = 18	Activation coefficients acs (Vit B1, B2, and B6) were not associated with blood lactate.
183	Maxwell S.R.J. [209]	1993	Clinical trial	Vit E and Vit C	Supplement	42	All = 19.6 ± 0.3	M = 16 F = 8	Vits supplementation enhanced the plasma capacity of antioxidants due to one hour of eccentric exercise.
184	Meydani M. [210]	1993	Double-blind clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	24	Young Group = 22–29 Adult Group = 55–74	M = 21	Vit E dietary supplementation for 48 days diminished free radical-mediated exercise oxidative damage, reduced oxidative injury, and increased muscle a-tocopherol.
185	Mikalauskaǐte D.A. [211]	1992				21
186	MEYDANI M. [212]	1992				NR
187	Telford R.D. [213]	1992	Clinical trial	Vits (B1, B2, B6, C, E, A, B12, Folate) and Six Minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca, P, Al)	Supplement	NR	M = 17.3 ± 1.4 F = 17.3 ± 1.1	M = 50 F = 36	Micronutrients supplementation for 7–8 months promotes blood Vits levels but not mineral levels, and some blood nutritional indicators may vary according to sex (the values generally being higher in females, with significant differences for Vits B2, C, and E and copper and aluminum).
188	Fogelholm M. [214]	1992	Cross-sectional	Vits (B1, B2, B6), Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc	Natural source	86	Group 1 = 24.0 ± 0.6 Group 2 = 26.0 ± 0.6	F = 39	A protocol of 24-week fitness exercise effectively increased VO2max, while it did not affect thiamin, riboflavin, magnesium, iron, and zinc status.
189	Deuster P.A. [215]	1991				39
190	Colgan M. [216]	1991	Double-blind crossover trial	All Vits and Minerals	Supplement	NR	N/A	M = 12 F = 11	Among endurance intense training athletes, RDA is enough, along with iron supplements.
191	Pieralisi G. [217]	1991	Double-blind, randomized, crossover		Supplement	23	M = 21–47	M = 50	Ginseng preparation improved muscular oxygen utilization and hence enhanced work capacity.
192	Miric M. [218]	1991				50
193	Cannon J.G. [219]	1991	Double-blind placebo-controlled protocol	Vit E	Supplement	NR	Group 1 = 25 ± 3 Group 2 = 65 ± 2	M = 21	Vit E supplement significantly affected IL-1 and IL-6 production, with no significant impact on exercise-related changes
194	Faber M. [220]	1991	Cross-sectional	Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Vit A, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nicotinic Acid, Vit B6, Folic Acid, Vit B12, Ascorbic Acid	Natural source	21	M = 22.1 ± 3.8 F = 22.3 ± 2.9	M = 20 F = 10	With a sufficient energy intake, males consumed an adequate amount of all micronutrients, while females digested insufficiently for calcium, iron, and magnesium.
195	Cannon J.G. [221]	1990	Clinical trial	Vit E	Supplement	30	Group 1 = 22–29 Group 2 = 55–74	M = 21	Vit E supplementation had a positive impact on damaged tissue, as it promotes the accumulation of neutrophil.
196	Van Erp-Baart A.M.J. [222]	1989	Survey research	Calcum, Iron, Vites (C, A, B1, B2, B6)	Natural source and supplement	Nr	N/A	N/A	A sufficient intake of Vit and minerals was notice when the energy intake ranged between 10 and 20 mj/day. There was a positive correlation between calcium and iron intake and energy intake. Hence, low energy intakes challenge ca and iron.
197	Satoshi S. [223]	1989	Experimental trial	Vit E	Supplement	N/A	M = 20.3 ± 0.3	M = 21	Post-exercise Vit E supplementation significantly reduces the malondialdehyde level, the leakage of enzymes, and lipid peroxidation.
198	Guilland J.-C. [224]	1989	Clinical trial	Vit B1, B2, B6, C, A, and E	Natural source and supplement	21	Group 1 = 19.6 ± 0.56 Group 2 = 22.5 ± 0.4	M = 55	Daily Vits supplements for one month significantly improve serum Vit C, plasma plp, and erythrocyte tpp concentrations, etk and egr basal activities, east basal activities (only in young athletes), and etk, egr, and east activation values.
199	Weight L.M. [225]	1988	Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study	Vits (E, D, C, A, B1, B2, B6) and Minerals (Selenium, Iodine, Phosphorus, Ca, Iron, Zn, Cu, K, Mg)	Supplement	55	M = 20–45	M = 30	A normal diet intake is enough, and there is no need for supplementation.
200	Weight L.M. [225]	1988	Placebo-controlled crossover	Multi-Vits and Minerals	Supplement	30	M = 31.9 ± 10.6	M = 30
201	Manore M.M. [226]	1988	Clinical trial	B6	Natural source	30	Group 1 = 25.6 ± 4 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 3.2 Group 3 = 55.8 ± 4.8	F = 15	Among females, the intake of Vit B6 may alter serum fuel substrates during exercise, depending on her age.
202	Bell N.H. [227]	1988	Clinical trial	Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium	Natural source	15	Group 1 = 19–36 Group 2 = 26 ± 1	M = 28
203	Klepping J. [228]	1988	Clinical trial	Minerals (P, Mg, Ca, Fe) and Vits (C, B1, B2, B6)	Natural source	NR	Group 1 = 15.16 ± 1.6 Group 2 = 23.91 ± 4.85	M = 265	Even with a high energy intake, deficient micronutrient intakes were common among many athletes.
204	Manore M.M. [229]	1987	Comparative study	B6	Natural source	N/A	Group 1 = 25.6 ± 4 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 3.2 Group 3 = 55.8 ± 4.8	F = 15	Vit B6 metabolism did not change due to exercise, nor training.
205	Zuliani U. [230]	1985	N/A	Mineral Salts	N/A	NR	N/A	N/A	N/A
206	Butturini U. [231]	1984				N/A
207	Walter M.C. [232]	1984				NR
208	Grandjean A.C. [12]	1983	N/A	N/A	N/A	NR	N/A	N/A	N/A
209	Rusin V.I. [233]	1982				N/A
210	Borisov I.M. [234]	1980	Comparative study	Vit C, Vit P	Supplement	NR	N/A	N/A	N/A
211	Helgheim I. [235]	1979	Double-blind experimental design	Vit E	Supplement	1203	All = 19–24	M = 2 F = 24	Post-exercise intake of Vit E had no impact on serum enzyme levels.
212	Leklem J.E. [236]	1979				26
213	Laricheva K.A. [237]	1979	N/A	Vits (A, B1, B2, B6, Pp, C)	N/A	NR	N/A	N/A	N/A
214	Dam B.V. [238]	1978	Double-blind test	B1, B2, and B6	Supplement (granulated multi-Vit electrolyte preparation)	N/A	F = 18.3 ± 3.0 M = 18.9 ± 3.5	M = 33 F = 7	B Vits deficiency is noticed due to the high rate of energy metabolism, the high body core temperature, and sweat loss.
215	Haralambie G. [239]	1976	Clinical trial	Vit B	Supplement	40	M = 17–38	M = 25	An intake of 10 mg of riboflavin lowers neuromuscular irritability.
216	Shephard R.J. [240]	1974	Matched-pair trial under near-double-blind conditions	Vit E	Supplement	25	M = 20.3 ± 1.6	M = 16	Vit E had no advantage for swimmers.
217	Bailey D.A. [241]	1970	Double-blind	Vit C	Supplement	NR	M = 24.5 ± 3.5	M = 40	There was no significant impact of Vit C on respiratory and oxygen utilization before, during, and after exercise in smoking and nonsmoking subjects.