Table 9.

Botanical insecticides used in pest management.

Botanical Insecticide	Secondary Metabolite	Target Organism	References
Garlic aqueous extracts	Sulfur-containing compounds/allicin	Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera insect species	[241,242]
Neem oil/emulsions	Azadirachtin and limnoids	Blatt dean, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera pests	[243]
Mentha piperata	Essential oil	Callosobruchus maculatus, flies, lice, moth, and Tribolium castrum	[244]
Ruta chalepensis	Furocoumarin and quinolone alkaloids	Spodoptera littoralis	[245]
Zingiber zerumbet	Essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[239]
Cephalotaxus sinensis	Essential oil	Megoura japonica, Plutella xylostella, and Sitophilus zeamais	[246]
Adenium obesum	Cardiac glycoside neriifolin	Monacha obstructa	[247]
Periploca sepium Bunge	Pregnane glycosides	Armyworm (M. separata)	[248]