Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier survival curves (solid colored lines) in days post-infection and 95% Cis for each fitted curve (dotted colored lines) of the impact of insecticide (FPF) and RNA viruses (BQCV/SBV) on adult honey bees inoculated orally (VF) or through injection (VI), alone or in combination with FPF. Bees (n = 25 bees per cage, n = 3 cages per treatment) were either injected with one µL inoculum containing 10⁸ and 10¹⁰ genome equivalents for BQCV and SBV, respectively, or fed 10 µL of sugar syrup containing the same concentrations of viruses on day 0 and subsequently fed with a sublethal (chronic) concentration of FPF (4.3 µg mL⁻¹) or a control sugar solution. Pathogens were inoculated once at day 0, while FPF was provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 in a Cox proportional hazard mixed-effect model, followed by post hoc Tukey tests (with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). For the statistical details, see Table 1.