Figure 4.

Venn diagram showing the number of significantly differentially upregulated (A) and downregulated (B) gene transcripts between the control and experimental treatments and the overlap between the different experimental inoculation treatments with the two honey bee viral pathogens (SBV and BQCV) and flupyradifuroane (FPF) insecticide. Bees (n = 6–9 bees per treatment) were either injected with one µL of inoculum containing 10⁸ BQCV and 10¹⁰ SBV (VI) or fed 10 µL of sugar syrup containing 10⁸ BQCV and 10¹⁰ SBV (VF), alone or in combination with exposure to flupyradifuorane (FPF) insecticide (VI+FPF or VF+FPF). The controls and FPF group received the same treatments, but without a virus. Pathogens were inoculated once at day 0, while FPF was fed chronically ad libitum throughout the experiment; nine bees per treatment were collected at day 7 post-infection. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as those with an adjusted p-value of <0.05 and a log2 (fold-change) of >2.0.