Table 1.
Impact of the mode of transmission of viruses and/or pesticide treatment on honey bee survival based on Cox proportional hazard models; model-averaged β coefficients (standardized effect size of the hazard, where higher β indicates a higher risk of death) of two horizontal modes of transmission of BQCV/SBV (feeding (VF) vs. injection (VI)) and flupyradifurone (FPF) insecticide either alone or in combination. The exp. β is equivalent to the hazard ratio obtained from a Cox proportional hazard model with respect to the control. Treatments with two factors were also compared to treatments with a single factor. In bold are the treatments that were significant according to post hoc Tukey tests (with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).
| Variables | β | SE of β Coefficient (+/−) | Exp. β | Z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPF | 1.05 | 0.64 | 2.87 | 1.64 | 1.00 |
| VF | 0.91 | 0.68 | 2.49 | 1.34 | 1.00 |
| VF+FPF | 1.95 | 0.67 | 7.03 | 2.91 | 0.05 |
| VI | 3.61 | 0.60 | 37.09 | 5.97 | <0.001 |
| VI+FPF | 3.68 | 0.60 | 39.68 | 6.12 | <0.001 |
| Interaction between viruses and FPF | |||||
| VF+FPF vs. |
VF | 1.00 | |||
| FPF | 1.00 | ||||
| VI+FPF vs. |
VI | 1.00 | |||
| FPF | <0.001 | ||||