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. 2023 Jun 28;21:419. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04294-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The representative immunofluorescence images of monocytes/macrophages clusters in the livers of HCs, cirrhosis and ACLF patients. a The immunofluorescence images (n = 5) of CD68 (red), TREM2 (green) and DAPI (blue) in the livers. The ACLF patients had much higher number of TREM2⁺ cells in the livers compared with HCs and cirrhosis patients. b The immunofluorescence images (n = 5) of CD68 (red), MARCO (green) and DAPI (blue) in the livers. The HCs and cirrhosis patients had similar number of MARCO⁺ cells, while the ACLF patients showed significant decrease of them. c The immunofluorescence images (n = 5) of CD68 (red), S100A8 (green) and DAPI (blue) in the livers. The ACLF patients had higher number of S100A8.⁺ cells in the livers compared with HCs and cirrhosis patients. For all images, the positive signal number of each sample was determined by the mean value of the TREM2/MARCO/S100A8 positive signals in five random fields after data standardization. (ns not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, bar = 200 μm)