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. 2023 Jun 12;15(6):1715. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061715

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Engineering extracellular vesicles for drug delivery in kidney diseases. Schematic representation of different EV engineering methods. The main strategies include (1) environmental modification, (2) genetic modification and nucleic acid loading in the cells of origin (pre-loading strategy), (3) molecular modification of isolated EVs (post-loading strategy) and (4) fusogenic strategy.