Table 2.

Non-MSC-EVs in AKI.

In Vivo Model	EV-Source	EV Isolation Method	EV Route of Administration	EV Biological Effect/ Mechanism of Action	References
IRI rat model Bilateral renal arterial clamping for 45 min	h-iPSCs and A-MSCs (1 × 109 EV/dose)	UC	Single sub-capsular injection at the beginning of reperfusion in each kidney	-Reduction of inflammation, cell death, and oxidative stress	[39]
IRI rat model Clamping of left renal pedicle for 45 min and contralateral nephrectomy	USCs (20 µg EV/dose)	Exo-Quick (co-precipitation)	Single dorsal penis vein injection	-Recovery of renal function -Down-regulation of IRAK1 and inflammation	[40]
IRI mouse model Microvascular clamping for 45 min	USCs (20 μg EV/dose)	UC	Single tail intravenous injection 15 min before renal artery clamping	-Regulation of ASCL4-ferroptosis via lncRNA-TUG1	[41]
Glycerol mouse model Intra-muscular glycerol injection into inferior hind limbs (8 mL/kg)	Human Urine (2 × 108 EV/dose)	UC	Tail intravenous injection 1 day after the injury	-Inhibition of inflammation -Stimulation of cell proliferation	[42]

Abbreviations: Ultracentrifugation (UC), ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI), human induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs), adipose mesenchymal stromal cells (A-MSCs), urinary stem cells (USCs).