Table 3.
Examples of carotenoid content in marine macroalgae.
| Organisms | Species | Carotenoids | Collection Sites | Experimental Conditions |
Quantification/Identification Methodologies | Contents | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macroalga (brown) | Sargassum horneri | Fucoxanthin | Nesaki, Hokkaido (41°45′ N, 140°49′ E) and Matsushima, Miyagi (38°23′ N, 141°04′ E), northern seashore of Japan | Mariculture of collected thalli in Usujiri, Japan | HPLC | 1.35–4.5 mg/g DW | [147] |
| Cystoseira hakodatensis | Fucoxanthin | Usujiri, Hokkaido (41°56′ N, 140°57′ E), Japan | Natural growth in Usujiri, Japan | HPLC | 0.6–4.1 mg/g DW | [147] | |
| 15 species of brown seaweed | Fucoxanthin | Wild harvest in intertidal zones in Shinori and Nesaki, Japan | Natural growth | HPLC | 0.1–3.7 mg/g DW | [148] | |
| Macroalga (green) | Ulva spp. | Total carotenoids | Wild harvest in Inter- and subtidal zones in India, Egypt, China, Spain, and Chile | Natural growth | Spectrophotometry | 1.25–4.6 mg/g DW | [132] |
| Ulva compressa | Lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin | Coasts of Mangaluru (12°45′31.7″ N 74°51′53.2″ E to 13°06′25.9″ N 74°46′ 03.6″ E), India | Natural growth | HPLC | 4.7 μg/g lutein, 3.8 μg/g neoxanthin, 4.0 μg/g violaxanthin, and 3.9 μg/g zeaxanthin, DW | [149] * | |
| Chaetomorpha antennia | Lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin | Coasts of Mangaluru (12°45′31.7″ N 74°51′53.2″ E to 13°06′25.9″ N 74°46′ 03.6″ E), India | Natural growth | HPLC | 141.3 μg/g lutein, 33.3 μg/g neoxanthin, 33.7 μg/g violaxanthin, and 34.6 μg/g zeaxanthin, DW | [149] | |
| Macroalga (red) | Grateloupia sp. | Lutein and zeaxanthin | Coasts of Mangaluru (12°45′31.7″ N 74°51′53.2″ E to 13°06′25.9″ N 74°46′ 03.6″ E), India | Natural growth | HPLC | 166.6 μg/g lutein and 36.3 μg/g zeaxanthin, DW | [149] |
| Pyropia yezoensis | α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin | Thalli of P. yezoensis strain U-51, maricultured at Shichigahama, Miyagi, Japan | Mariculture | HPLC | 0.7 mg/g α-carotene, 1.8 mg/g β-carotene, 1.4 mg/g lutein, and 0.15 mg/g zeaxanthin, DW | [150] |
DW, dry weight; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography. * In this reference, more species of algae have been analyzed, in addition to those indicated in the table.