Table 4.

Examples of carotenoid content in marine microalgae.

Species	Carotenoids	Collection Sites	Experimental Conditions	Quantification/Identification Methodologies	Contents	References
Chlorella vulgaris 211/52	β-carotene, lutein	Grüental campus of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland	Open thin-layer bioreactor	HPLC	50 μg/g β-carotene, 90 μg/g lutein, DW	[201]
Dunaliella sp. FACHB-558	β-carotene	Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China	Two-step cultivation in anaerobically digested poultry litter wastewater	Spectrophotometry	7.26 mg/L, FW	[193]
Isochrysis zhangjiangensis	Fucoxanthin	Chinese Academy of Sciences, China	Photo-autotrophically cultured at 23 °C in a bubble column photobioreactors, supplemented with f/2 medium (nutrient, trace metal, and vitamin solutions)	HPLC	23 μg/g, DW	[202]
Haematococcus plivualis	Astaxanthin	Umeå University, Sweden	First step: inoculum in Bold’s basal medium, OD750 of 0.1, 20 °C, cool white LED, 1 L/min of air, 7 days. Second step: grown in a multi-cultivator with cool white LED	HPLC	19.1 mg/g, DW	[203]
Desmodesmus sp.	Lutein and zeaxanthin	Isolated from a wastewater treatment system, Kalundborg Kommune, Copenhagen, Denmark	Industrial wastewater in Schott bottles, stirred, aerated (2% CO2), and with fluorescent lights (200 µmol photon/m2·s)	HPLC	5.11 mg/g lutein and 0.28 mg/g zeaxanthin, DW	[204]
Nannochloropsis salina 40.85	β-carotene and violaxanthin	Algae culture collection (SAG), University of Gottingen, Germany	Industrial wastewater in Schott bottles, stirred, aerated (2% CO2), and with fluorescent lights (200 µmol photon/m2·s)	HPLC	2.22 mg/g β-carotene and 1.68 mg/g violaxanthin, DW	[204]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	Diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin	-	Industrial wastewater in Schott bottles, stirred, aerated (2% CO2), and with fluorescent lights (300 µmol photon/m2·s)	HPLC	2.17 μg/g diadinoxanthin and 1.55 μg/g diatoxanthin, DW	[204]
Chlorella C.S1	β-carotene and lutein	-	Industrial wastewater in flat panel reactors with fluorescent lights (2000 µmol photon/m2·s)	HPLC	1.4 mg/g β-carotene and 3.22 mg/g lutein, DW	[204]
Nannochloropsis limnetica 18.99	Neoxanthin and violaxanthin	Algal culture collection (SAG), University of Gottingen, Germany	Industrial wastewater in Schott bottles, stirred, aerated (2% CO2), and with fluorescent lights (200 µmol photon/m2·s)	HPLC	0.42 mg/g neoxanthin and 1.22 mg/g violaxanthin, DW	[204]
Chlorococcum sp.	Lutein	Umeå University, Sweden	Multi-cultivator with high light/cold stress in BG11	HPLC	15.5 mg/g, DW	[205]
Scenedesmus sp.	Lutein	Umeå University, Sweden	Multi-cultivator with high light/cold stress in BG11	HPLC	10.7 mg/g, DW	[205]

DW, dry weight; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.