Table 5.

Examples of carotenoid content in marine yeast.

Species	Carotenoids	Collection Sites	Experimental Conditions	Quantification/Identification Methodologies	Contents	References
Sporidiobolus salmonicolor	β-carotene, 2,3 dihydroxy-γ-carotene, 4-ketotorulene, and torulene	Union Glacier, Antarctic	30 mL YM broth in 300-mL baffled flasks, 150 rpm, 20 °C, 5 days	HPLC	2,3-dihydroxy-γ-carotene was the main carotenoid	[247]
Sporidiobolus metaroseus	β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, 4-ketotorulene, and spirilloxanthin	Union Glacier, Antarctic	30 mL YM broth in 300-mL baffled flasks, 150 rpm, 20 °C, 5 days	HPLC	β-carotene and 4-ketotorulene were the main carotenoids	[247]
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	Astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene	Chiloe, 30 km southeast of Puerto Montt, Chile	4 g yeast/L seaweed (25% v/v), 150 rpm, 25 °C, 6 days	HPLC	1.84 ± 0.03 mg/L total carotenoids. Carotenoids proportion: 1.8 ± 0.3% astaxanthin, 21.8 ± 1.5% β-carotene, and 38.4 ± 9.4% lycopene	[248]
Rhodosporidium babjevae	β-carotene, γ-carotene, torularhodin, and torulene	Grøtsundet, Northern Norway	10 g/L Difco Marine broth 2216 (10 g/LDifco Bacto-peptone, 10 g/L glucose, 15 g/L NaCl, and 15 g/L agar), 6 °C, 140 h	HPLC	Torularhodin > torulene > β-carotene > γ-carotene	[249]
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	β-carotene, torularhodin, and torulene	Escondido lake, North-western Patagonia, Argentina	20 mL of minimal medium salt broth (MMS), 25 °C, 250 rpm, 24 h	TLC (for pigment profile), spectrophotometry, and HPLC	205 ± 15 µg/g total carotenoids, DW. Carotenoid proportions: 10.8% β-carotene, 83.4% torularhodin, and 5.7% torulene	[250]
Rhodotorula dairenensis	β-carotene, γ-carotene, torularhodin, and torulene	Freshwater in the middle of the Sagamigawa River, Japan	20 mL of YPD liquid medium (2% glucose, 2% peptone, and 1% yeast extract), 25 °C, 120 rpm, 36 h	HPLC	267 µg/g total carotenoids, DW	[225]

DW, dry weight; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; TLC, thin-layer chromatography.