Table 2.
Summary of drug and natural hyperpigmentation meta-analysis studies.
| Drug | Method of Evaluation | Duration | Performed Organism |
Activity | Skin Disorder | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tranexamic acid orally | Clinical and photographic | 6 months | Human | 10.8% excellent, 54% good, and 31.1% fair | Melasma | [41,42] |
| Topical tranexamic acid | MASI and chromameter | 12 weeks | Human | Improvement in the fourth and eighth weeks | Melasma | [45,46,47] |
| Isotretinoin orally | MASI | 16 weeks | Human | Reduction of roughly 73.4% | Acne | [56,57] |
| Betamethasone cream | Clinical | 3 month | Human | 40.0% no reaction, 46.7% moderate and 13.3% severe response | Vitiligo | [66,67] |
| Clobetasol propionate spray | Clinical | 4 weeks | Human | 80.0% of the patients in the therapy group had a decrease in severity from the beginning | Plaque psoriasis | [68,69] |
| Silver sulfadiazine cream | Clinical | 4 weeks | Human | 30% mild recovery, 48% quick recovery, 22% poor healing | 2° burn injuries | [75] |
| Triamcinolone mouthwash | Visual analog scale | 2 months | Human | Significant improvement in all patients | Oral lichen planus | [80,81,82] |
| Topical tretinoin, hydroquinone, and fluocinolone | Clinical | 8 weeks | Human | Improvement rate of 73% at weeks 4, 6, and 8 | Melasma | [90] |
| Tretinoin topically | Clinical | 12 week | Human | 77% of patients showed significant improvement | Melasma | [91] |
| Topically betamethasone, clotrimazole, and gentamicin | Clinical | 28 days | Human | At 7th day, a reduction in inflammation; at 14th day, scientific recovery in 42% of patients; at 28th day, the patients had fully recovered medically |
Itchy dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and true eczema | [96] |
| Ruxolitinib | Clinical randomized controlled trials | 52 week | Human | Clinically excellent repigmentation after 24 weeks, with continued improvement through week 52 | Vitiligo | [103,104] |
| Salicylic acid | Mexameter and MASI | 14 weeks | Human | 83% believed that the peeled side had advanced more than the unpeeled side; 6% thought the unpeeled aspect was more advanced; 11% believed there was no difference |
Bilateral melasma | [107,108] |
| L-ascorbic acid | Mexameter and MASI | 16 weeks | Human | Decrease from baseline | Enlarged pores, fine lines, and dullness | [111,112] |
| Argan oil | Clinical | 28 days | Human | Patients observed a minor decrease in melanin content in the vicinity of the bandage | Reducing the amount of pigmentation | [113,114,115] |