Table 3.
Plants discovered to treat hyperpigmentation in the past ten years.
| Name of Plant | Family | Growth Place | Active Compounds | Type of Pigmentation Targeted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angelica sinensis [192] | Apiaceae | East Asia | 4-ethylresorcinol, 4-ethylphenol, 1-tetradecalnol | Hyperpigmentation agent combating skin-darkening. Study on Melan-A cells |
| Artocarpus [193] | Moraceae | Southeast Asia | Artocarpin, cudraflavone C, artocarpanone | TYR inhibitor. Hyperpigmentation–skin-whitening agents |
| Callicarpa longissima [194] | Lamiaceae | Southeast Asia | Carnosol | Antimelanogenesis in B16F10. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Crataegus azarolus [195] | Rosaceae | European | Ursolic acid, hyperoside, virtexin-2″-O-rhamnoside | Antimelanogenesis in B16F10. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Cyperus rotundus [196] | Cyperaceae | Africa, France, Austria, southern Asia | Valencene, camphene, carryophyllene oxide | Antimelanogenesis mechanism via the ion-channels in B16F10. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Juniperus chinensis [197] | Cupressaceae | China, Myanmar, Russian, Korea | Widdrol | α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibition in B16F10 and TYR. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Morus nigra [198] | Moraceae | Iberian Peninsula | Isoquercitrin, rutin, chlorogenic acid | Inhibit mushroom TYR. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Oryza sativa [199] | Poaceae | China | p-Coumaric, ferulic | Antimelanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma by TYR. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Passiflora edulis [200] | Passifloraceae | Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina | Piceatannol, resveratrol, quercetin | Antimelanogenesis in melanoma cells. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Salvia officinalis [201] | Lamiaceae | Mediterranean region | 7a-methoxyrosmanol, isorosmanol | Antimelanogenesis in B16. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Sesamum indicum [202] | Pedaliaceae | Africa, India | Sesamol | Antimelanogenesis in B16F10. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Punica granatum [203] | Lythraceae | Mediterranean | Punicalgin | Antimelanogenesis in Melan-A. Hyperpigmentation agents |
| Litchi chinensis [204] | Sapindaceae | China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Himalayas |
Rosmarinc acid, gallic acid | Suppressed melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells. Hyperpigmentation agents |