Table 1.

Antimicrobial agents produced by filamentous fungi.

Antimicrobial Agents	Producer	Active Against	Mode of Action	References
Non-ribosomal peptides
Mycophenolic acid	Penicillium brevicompactum	several species	antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antipsoriasis and immunosuppressive, anti-angiogenic activities	[26]
Penicillin	Penicillium notatum	Staphylococcus aureus		[27]
Penicillin G	P. rubens	Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Clostrodium and Treponema spp.	inhibit the peptidoglycan synthesis	[28,29]
Cephalosporin C	A. chrysogenum	broad spectrum antibiotic		[2]
Ribosomal peptides
Amatoxin Phallotoxin	Amanita spp.	anticancer drugs	RNA polymerase II inhibitors	[30]
Ustilotoxin	Ustilaginoidea virens	cytotoxicity against different anticancer cell lines	anti-mitotic activity	[31]
Depsipeptides Beauvericin (A–H) Beauveriolide	Fusarium, Alternaria, Calonectria, Cochliobolus, Cordyceps cardinalis, Ophiocordyceps communis Cordyceps militaris	antimicrobial and insecticidal activity anti-aging activity against S. cerevisiae		[32,33,34,35]
Piperazines
Roquefortine C	Penicillium roqueforti	acute toxicity in mice and dogs		[36,37]
Gliotoxin	Aspergillus fumigatus	antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp.	inhibit the activation of lymphocyte B and T	[38,39]
Polyketides
Griseofulvin	Penicillium griseofulvum	dermatophytes fungal infections in humans and animals;non-fungal inflammatory diseases; cardiovascular, antitumor and antiviral applications;	inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis	[40]
Patulin	Aspergillus clavatus	mycotoxin, fungistatic activity against Rhizoctonia solani, S. cerevisiae, Didymella bryoniae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, clerotium rolfsii, Pithium ultinum	destabilization of of the plasma membrane integrity, blockage in rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA synthesis	[41,42]
Strobilurins	Strobilurus tenacellus, Oudemansiella mucida	antifungal activity	inhibit the transfer of electrons between complexes II and III of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria, resulting in impaired cell respiration and ATP synthesis	[43]
Uredinorubellin derivatives	Torrubiella spp.	antibacterial activity against S. aureus strains		[34]
Rubellins antraquinones	Ramularia collo-cygni	antiproliferative, cytotoxic, aggregation inhibitory and antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis clinical and reference strains	phytotoxic activity	[44]
Viriditoxin	Penicillium radicum	antimicrobial activity against S. aureus MRSA	inhibiting FtsZ, the bacterial tubulin	[45]
Lindgomycin	Lindgomycetaceae family	antimicrobial (against Gram-positive and C. albicans strains) and antiviral activity		[24]
Lipopeptides
Echinocandin B	Aspergilllus nidulans		inhibiting β (1,3)-glucan synthase	[46]
Pneumocandin B0	Glarea lozoyensis	antifungal activity against C. albicans and Pneumocystis carinii	inhibiting β (1,3)-glucan synthase
Caspofungin	G. lozoyensis		blocking cell wall biosynthesis by inhibiting β (1,3)-D-glucan synthase	[47]
Micafungin	Coleophoma empetri
Anidulafungin	A. nidulans
Mulundocandin	Aspergillus sydowii	Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, Candida non-albicans		[48]
Anidulafungin	A. nidulans	Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii Aspergillus spp. Fusarium spp.
Rezafungin		Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Pneumocystis murina		[48,49]
Cryptocandin	Cryptosporiopsis quercina	antifungal activity against Tricophyton rubrum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea		[50,51]
Lipodepsipeptide
Aureobasidin A	Aureobasidium pullulans	fungicidal activity against Candida spp., C. neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum	noncompetitive inhibition of the inositol phosphorylceramide synthase	[52,53]
Nucleosidic peptide
Arthrichitin FR-90403	Arthrinium phaeospermum and Kernia spp.	C. albicans	chitin synthase inhibitors	[54]
Other peptides
Aspergillomarasmine	Aspergillus versicolor	Gram-negative rods	inhibit the NDM-1 and VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamases	[55]
Cyclosporin A	Tolypocladium nivenum		immunosuppressive, anti- coronaviruses activity	[56]
Peptaibols	Trichoderma reesei	antimicrobial activity against Alternaria alternata, Phoma cucurbitaceum, Fusarium spp., A. fumigatus		[57]
Plectasin	Pseudoplectania nigrella	Streptococcus pneumoniae		[58]
Leucinostatin A	Purpureocillium lilacinum	antifungal activity against Candida spp. (including C. albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and C. guilliermondii); antitrypanosomal and antitumoral activities		[59,60,61]
Terpene derivated metabolites
Enfumafungin Ergokonin	Hormonema spp. Trichoderma spp.	antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Cryptococcus neoformans, C. albicans, A. fumigatus	glucan synthesis inhibitors	[62,63]
Antifungal metabolites
Parnafungin	Fusarium lavarum	inhibits inhibit mRNA polyadenylation in Candida albicans and pathogenic fungi		[64,65]
Other pharmaceutical agents
Lovastatin	Aspergillus terreus		hypercholesterolemia treatment	[2]
Mevastatin	Penicillium citrinum			[66]
Pravastatin	Penicillium chrysogenum			[67]
Other bioactive compounds
Clavatol	A. clavatus, Aspergillus clavatonanicus	fungistatic activiy against C. albicans, A. niger, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, Didymella bryoniae, B. cinerea		[68]
Pyranonigrins A, B, C, D, E, S	A. niger			[69]
Pyranonigrins A and F	Penicillium brocae	Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains		[25]