Table 2.

The most common filamentous fungi enzyme producers and their applications in industry.

Enzymes			Fungal Species	Non-Conventional Growth Substrates	Applications	References
Amylases			A. niger A. oryzae A. fumigatus Aspergillus flavus; A. awamori; A. kawachii; Penicillium brunneum; Penicillium expansum; P. roqueforti; P. camemberti; Helminthosporium oxysporum; Penicillium frequestans P. chrysogenum Penicillium fellutanum	Coconut oil cake; groundnut oil cake; sesame oil cake; olive oil cake; wheat bran; corncob leaf; rye straw; wheat straw; banana waste; residues obtained from rice husking; cassava peels; yam peels; pomegranate peel; molasses	in bread-making it is used to break down complex sugars found in flour in order to make the bread-making process faster and to improve the texture and volume of the final product; increases the shelf life of bread and bread derivatives by functioning as anti-staling agent; for the production of glucose fructose syrup, which can be used in the beverage industry as artificial sweetener; can be used animal feed pre-treatment, improving the fiber digestibility; as additive for clothing and dishwasher cold-water detergents, being stable at low temperatures and high pH values; in the textile industry it can be used for the production of fabrics, particularly for the removal of starch, which is used as a strengthening agent; in the paper industry amylases can be used for the hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight starch, which is present in coated paper. It promotes the quality (smoothness and strength) and erasability of paper; for the production of fuel alcohol, amylases can be used for the conversion of starch into fermentable sugars.	[161,162,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186]
Proteases			A. flavus; Aspergillus ochraceus Conidiobolus coronatus; Rhizomucor miehei; Endothia parasitica; Mucor circinelloides; Mucor pusillus; P. camemberti; P. citrinum; Penicillium griseoroseum; Penicillium restrictum; P. roqueforti; A. flavus; A. oryzae; A. niger; R. oryzae; T. reesei; Trichoderma harzianum	Wheat and rice bran, soybean meal; oil seed cake	in the food industry they are used for improving nutritional and functional value of food products by enhancing their digestibility, by reducing the amount of proteic allergenic compounds; altering the viscoelastic properties of dough; the improvement of the quality, mainly consistency, of protein-rich foods; beef meat tenderization; to reduce or to modify wheat gluten content; for soy sauce and soy-derivatives production improvement by lowering their bitterness and solubility. In the dairy industry, proteases are used in cheese manufacturing for macropeptides production; for dietetic and health products production using protein hydrolysates obtained from casein; in the detergent industry for improving the detergent formulations in order to enhance their ability to remove tough stains; in the leather industry they can be used as alternatives to chemical treatments needed for soaking, dehairing and bating of raw materials; in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry these enzymes can be used for keratin elimination in acne or psoriasis; for depilation; for improving ungual drug delivery; in biomedicine, they can be used for enhancing the scar healing process or for obtaining plasma hydrolysate with antioxidant properties.	[49,163,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195]
Pectinase			A. niger A. flavus A. sojae A. terreus Alternaria citri Claviceps purpurea Fusarium moniliforme Botrytis cinerea A. kawakii Thermoascus aurantiacus Acrophialophora nainiana Aspergillus japonicus	Wheat bran; rice husk and bran; papaya peel; mango peel; sugarcane bagasse; sunflower head; grape and strawberry pomace	in the food industry they are used for apple and grape juice clarification, wine production (for increasing the juice yield by decreasing the viscosity), and coffee-beans processing to remove the mucilage coat; pre-treatment of wastewater from the processing of vegetable food too rich in pectin; the processing of textile fibers such as: flax, jute, hemp; degumming of jute, sunn hemp, flax, ramie and coconut fibers; biosourcing of raw cotton; the extraction of vegetable oils from coconut, palm, sunflower seed, rape seed olives and pre-treatment of paper pulp to remove acidic polysaccharides; for animal feed production to reduce the feed viscosity and to enhance nutrient absorption.	[166,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204]
Galactosidases	α-Galactosidases		Mortierella vinaceae Tricholoma matsutake A. niger A. oryzae A. fumigatus	Soybean meal and wheat bran red gram plant waste; soy flour	processing of soya, sugar beet, and guar gum for the food industry; improving the nutritional value of soy milk by the degradation of indigestible oligosaccharides; animal feed processing to remove its high content of raffinose-family oligosaccharides, which are associated with their negative impact on intestinal health; for obtaining functional food ingredients such as prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides; as digestive aids in humans for preventing digestive disorders such as flatulence, bloating or abdominal pain.	[101,102]
	β-galactosidase		A. niger A oryzae A. flavus Aspergillus uvarum P. brevicompactum F. oxysporum	Lemon peel, pineapple peel, musk melon peel, banana peel, musambi peel, pomegranate peel, orange peel; soybean residue, okara, soymilk; wheat straw, rice straw, and peanut pod	in the dairy industry they are used for preventing lactose crystallization in sweetened, condensed, and frozen dairy products or for developing lactose-free dairy products for lactose-intolerant humans; for developing prebiotics based on galacto-oligosaccharides to promote the growth and the establishment of bifidobacteria in the intestine.	[168,205,206,207,208,209]
Chitinases			Thermomyces lanuginosus; T. viride; T. harzianum; A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, P. chrysogenum	Wheat bran; rice bran; chitin flakes; waste products obtained from crabs, shrimps and prawn	biocontrol agent against Eldana saccharina and phytopatogenic fungi; for chitosan-oligosaccharides-based antimicrobial drug production or as anti-cervical cancer compounds.	[171,210,211,212,213,214]
Lipases			Mucor circinelloides Penicillium aurantiogriseum Rhizopus rhizopodiformis Rhizomucor pusillus Rhizopus oligosporus P. restrictum Penicillium simplicissimum Aspergillus carneus Penicillium verrucossum P. chrysogenum A. awamori A. terreus Fusarium solani	Soya bean oil; olive oil cake; babassu oil cake Almond meal; mustard oil cake, sunflower oil; soybean bran; rice bran oil; olive mill wastewater	flavor development in dairy products and processing of meat, vegetables, fruit, baked foods, milk products, and beer; development of functional foods and nutraceuticals, such as trans-fatty acid-free margarines; lipases immobilized on pH/oxygen electrodes along with glucose oxidase serve as lipid biosensors for the determination of triglycerides and blood cholesterol; for esterification reactions and aroma ester production; biodegradation of diesel oil hydrocarbons and bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated soil; to assist in the removal of size lubricants in order to provide the fabric with better absorbency for enhanced levelness in dyeing; for improving hydrophilicity and anti-static ability of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics; as a biocatalyst in personal care products such as skin and sun-tan creams, bath oils or for hair waving preparation.	[215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224]
Lignocellulolytic enzymes	Cellulase		A. niger T. reesei Aspergillus heteromorphus A. fumigatus R. oryzae	Wheat straw and bran; maize straw; banana peel Coir waste; grass; sugarcane bagasse; corn cob residue	pulping and deinking of wastepaper; improving the softness and appearance of cellulose-based textiles; improving the dye absorbance of the fibers and to remove excess dye; textile waste hydrolysis for the recovery of glucose and polyester; increasing the aroma and the taste of citrus fruits; production of bioethanol by converting the cellulosic renewable resources into glucose; increase soil fertility by promoting the straw decomposition.	[225,226,227,228,229,230]
	Ligninanses	Laccases	Aspergillus niveus Rhizoctonia solani B. cinerea Myceliophthora thermophila Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Trametes villosa Coriolopsis gallica Coprinopsis cinerea	Wheat bran, rice husk, mango peel, orange peel, groundnut husk and saw dusk	improvement of breadmaking performances of oat flour and the textural quality of oat bread; prevent undesirable changes such as discoloration, clouding, haze, or flavor changes in beer, fruit juices, and wine, improving their shelf life by removing phenols such as coumaric acids, flavans, and anthocyanins; improve the brightness and strength properties of the pulp; internal sizing of paper; bioremediation of pollutants such as bisphenol, diclofenac; 17-α-ethinulestradiol from wastewater; detoxify agricultural byproducts including olive mill wastes or coffee pulp; bioremediation of pulp and paper industry waste by effecting direct dechlorination and the removal of chorophenols and chlorolignins from bleach effluents; indigo carmin, Congo red, aniline blue dyes decolorization; for the development of laccase-containing biosensors for detecting O2, glucose, aromatic amines, phenolic compounds, and a wide variety of reducing substrates.	[175,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238]
		Peroxidases	Phanerochaete chrysosporium; A. sclerotiorum Cladosporium cladosporioides M. racemosus Neurospora discreta	Cocopeat, sugarcane bagasse	development of cosmeceutical and dermatological products used for skin-lightening products; decolorization of Congo red, Poly R-478 and Methyl green.	[239,240,241]